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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
short time scales
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microevolution - reproductive season (on time scale of years)
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intermediate time scales
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species formation
100,000 - 1 million years |
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long time scales
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major evolutionary trends and mass extinctions
10s of millions of years |
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when was the animal kingdom generated?
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600 million years ago in the Cambrian period
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metazoa
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multicellular animals with differentiated tissues (all eukarya but protozoans and sponges)
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What defines an aminal?
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(1) multicellular (lack cell wall)
(2) heterotrophic (3) extracellular matrix (presence of collagen and proteoglycan) (4) shared Hox gene clusters (5) Unique types of cell junctions (anchoring, tight, gap) (6) characteristic rRNA sequences (7) movement and sensory response |
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homeotic
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one body part is replaced by another, caused by mutant alleles
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Spiral Cleavage
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planes oblique to axis of embryo
-determinate cleavage -Proteostomes (mouth forms from blastopore, anus forms later) (mollusks, annelids, arthropods, nematodes, platyhelminthes) |
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Radial Cleavage
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planes are parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis of embryo
-indeterminate cleavage -Deuterostomes (blastopore becomes anus, mouth forms later) (echinoderms, chordates) |
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endoderm becomes...
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digestive system, gut lining, digestive glands
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mesoderm becomes ...
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muslces, skeleton, most organs, circulatory and excretory systems
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ectoderm becomes...
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epidermis, nervous system
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Acoelomate (definition and examples)
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no body cavity
-platyhelminthes |
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Pseudocoelomate (definition and examples)
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body cavity enclosed by mesoderm, not internal organs (can act as nutrient transporter or hydrostatic skeleton)
-nematoda |
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Coelomate (definition and examples)
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true body cavity - cavity and gut covered with mesoderm
-annelids, chordata, mollusca, arthropods, echinoderms |
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Lophotrochozoans
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grouping in protostomia - grow by adding to skeleton elements internally (platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida)
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Ecdysozoans
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grouping in protostomia - grow by molting
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Sclerocytes
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cells that produce spicules in porifera
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choanocytes
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flagellated collar cells - create water current and trap food in porifera
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pinacocytes
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cells that cover the exterior and some interior surfaces of porifera
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archaeocytes
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phagocytic amoeboid cells in porifera - can differentiate into other cell types
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porocytes
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tubular cells in porifera through which water flows
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Asconoid
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level of sponge complexity - simplest
(small, tube shaped, single osculum) |
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Synconoid
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level of sponge complexity - intermediate
(tube shaped, single osculum, thicker body walls, choanocytes in radial canals) |
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Leukonoid
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level of sponge complexity - complex
(large, multiple oscula, flagellated chambers) |
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do sponges have embryonic cell layers?
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no
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In Cnidaria and Cnetophora, ectoderm and endoderm give rise to what, respectively?
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epidermis and gastrodermis
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Cnitocytes
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stinging cells with nematocysts (coiled filament) and cnidocil (physical trigger)
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pedal disc
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anemones attach to substrate via pedal disc
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siphonoglyph
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creates water current into and out of pharynx in anemones
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Hexacoralian Corals
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stony corals
-subdivided by septa arranged in multiples of 6 -Hermatypic corals = reef building corals |
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Octocorallian Corals
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soft corals, tube anemones, thorny corals
-gastrovascular cavity divided by 8 septa |
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the first complete gut is demonstrated in which phyla?
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Cnetophora (comb jellies)
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how do Cnetophora move?
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(comb jellies) have 8 rows of cilia for movement
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Colloblasts
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cells on the ends of the two tentacles in cnetophora that secrete sticky substance to catch prey
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trochophore larvae
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distinct free-living cilia bearing larval stage of platyhelminthes and mollusca
-(have ciliary ring) |
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flame cells
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excretory cells in platyhelminthes with beating cilia
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Parenchyma
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(mesoderm tissue) tissue between body wall and organs of invertebrates that lack a coelom (like in platyhelminthes)
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slime track is created by -
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free living flatworms (turbellaria) to catch prey
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scolex
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anterior end of a tapeworm (cestoda) bearing suckers and hooks for attachment
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radula are present in -
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mollusca, but not in bivlaves
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which platyhelminthes has only a difinitive host (no intermediate host)?
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monogenea (fish flukes)
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mantle
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two folds of skin that extend over the visceral mass in mollusca
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the mantle secretes three shell layers:
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(1) periostracum - outer layer (protein)
(2) prismatic layer - middle layer (protein + CaCO3) (3) nacreous layer - inner layer (CaCO3) |
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In mollusca, the trochphore larvae develop into either -
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(1) Veliger Larva (gastropods and bivalves) - free swimming larval stage
(2) Direct Development (cephalopods, some bivalves, aquatic snails) juveniles hatch directly from eggs |
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dextral
sinistral |
-shell coils to the right
-shell coils to the left |
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Prosbranchs
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(abalone, some freshwater and terrestrial snails)
-Mollusca that have 1 pair of tentacles |
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Opisthobranchs
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major group of gastropods (nudibranchs, sea slugs)
-Mollusca that have 2 pairs of tentacles |
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Pulmonates
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major group of gastropods (land and most freshwater snails and slugs)
-show some detorsion -aquatic species have 1 pair of tentacles -land species have 2 pairs of tentacles |
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chromatophores
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cells in the skin of cephalopoda (squids, octopuses) that contain pigment granules
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parapodia
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paired, unjointed appendages - used for respiration and locomotion in annelids (setae not in leeches)
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nephridia
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a tubule in annelids that acts as an organ of excretion or osmoregulation
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general body plan of annelids
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(1) prostomium (head)
(2) segmented body (3) pygidium (bearing the anus) |
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Cuticle in nematoda is composed primarily of -
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crisscrossing fibers of collagen
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the exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of -
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chitin, protein, lipid, CaCO3
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malpigian tubules
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absorb nitrogenous wastes in arthropoda
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spiracles
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pores on terrestrial arthropods that lead to the tracheal system
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Ommatidia
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the individual visual units in the compound eye of arthropods
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chelicerae
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fangs of Arachnida
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pedipalps
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sensory, predatory, or reproductive function in araneae
-modified into claws in scorpoinida |
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Complete Metamorphosis
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4 stages - egg, larva, pupa, adult
(85% of insects) |
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
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3 stages - egg, nymph, adult
(15% of insects) |
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what is the defining feature of Echinodermata?
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the water vascular system
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papulae
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dermal branchiae of echinodermata - extend out of spaces between ossicles for respiration
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What are the four diagnostic characteristics of the Chordata?
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(1) dorsal tubular nerve cord
(2) notocord (3) pharyngeal pouches and gill slits (4) post anal tail |
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What are the 3 main characteristics of Vertebrata?
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(1) vetebral column
(2) endoskeleton (3) true liver |
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Cephalaspidomorphi (lamprey) have how many pairs of gill slits?
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seven
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Myxini (hagfish) have how many pairs of gill slits?
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five to fifteen
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Chondichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) have how may pairs of gill slits?
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five to seven
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Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes) have how many pairs of gill slits?
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one
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In which class is the swim bladder filled with oil?
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actinistia (lobe finned fishes)
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