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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference between RCT and Quasi studies? |
RCT can show causality or confidence in study because of lack of bias |
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What is a type 1 error? |
It is a false positive. Where you reject the null hypothesis, when it is actually true. You observe a relation when there is none |
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What is a type 2 error? |
It is a false negative. You accept the null hypothesis when you shouldnt have. You do not see a relation when there is one. |
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What is a solution to fix a type 2 error? |
Increase sample size |
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Can range be calculated for the whole group or study or population? |
No. It is too large and must be of a smaller category |
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Is the mean susceptible to the median? |
The mean is sensitive to outliers and is not resistant to the median |
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Is the median resistant to outliers? |
Yes, the median is resistant to outliers |
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What does this mean; |
Negative |
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Mean > median |
Positive |
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If there is a peak at the beginning of a graph, is it a negative or positive outcome? |
Positive |
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If there is a peak at the end of a graph, is it a negative or positive outcome? |
Negative |
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What is the mean? |
The average of all the numbers divided |
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What is the median? |
The 'middle' value in the list of numbers |
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What is the mode? |
The number that occurs most often |
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What is reliability? |
Consistency and repeatability - ie same results, over and over |
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What is validity? |
Whether the construct you are using really measures what you are using it to measure |
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How do you interpret a p value of P >0.05? |
The result is significant and you accept the null hypothesis |
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What are descriptive study questions? |
Descriptive describes the nature of the study |
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What are relational study questions? |
Relational are questions that question the relationship between two variables |
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What are casual questions? |
Casual questions refer to how one variable will affect another |
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What are independent and dependent variables? |
- The independent variable is what is changed. It is the exposure or the intervention |
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What is null hypothesis and what is the hypothesis? |
- The null hypothesis is a statement that declares that the variables will not have a relationship. Eg: 'it does not', 'there will not', etc |
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What are the probability methods of sampling? |
- Simple random: Every unit has an equal chance of selection |
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What are the non-probability methods of sampling? |
- Convenient: Whichever units are convenient |
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What is a systematic error? |
There is a bias in measurement which will affect the mean |
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What is a random error? |
Is a human error which will affect the standard deviation |
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What is a measurement? |
The attribution of quantities and qualities to characteristics of people, objects or events |
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What is measurement a key process of? |
Quantitative research |
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What is External validity? |
How the findings of the study can be generalised to other studies |
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What is internal validity? |
Validity of the study design characteristics |
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What is the difference between objective and subjective measurements? |
Objective is physical quantities or qualities |
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What is the formula for proper measurement? |
Observed value = True value +/- measurement error |
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What are the 4 aspects of a good measurement? |
1. Well defined |
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What is nominal, ordinal and interval & ratio data? |
Nominal: Categorical information. Where you can not get an average |
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What is the difference between experimental and observational study designs? |
Experimental: Scientific interventions = holds high external validity |
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What are 5 quantitative study designs? |
1. Ecological |
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What are 3 qualitative study designs? |
1. Focus groups |
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What is a Cochrane review? |
It is a systematic review of multiple pooled studies |
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What are the 4 aspects of ethics? |
1. Beneficence - Benefit to patient |
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What are Ethics? |
Guided notation for what is morally acceptable/unacceptable |
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What does an ethics committee review? |
1. Evaluates risks and benefits |
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What are descriptive statistics of measurement? |
Mode, mean, median and standard deviation |
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When is a confidence interval significant? |
What it does not contain "1". Eg: a 95% confidence rating would be 0.05 |
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What is the formula for and odds ratio? |
( A / C ) / ( B / D ) |
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What is the formula for relative risk? |
( A / A + B ) / ( C / C + D ) |
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What does the P-value infer about the null hypothesis? |
<0.05 = Rejection of the null hypothesis |
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What 3 factors are in the Evidence-base practice model? |
1. Patient values |
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What are the 5 levels of evidence? |
1. Systematic review of RCT |
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What is the difference between RCT's and Quasi controlled trials? |
Quasi controlled trials are not random |
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Strengths of case control studies are: |
Less expensive than cohort studies |
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The lower the P value is, the ____ likely that the results are due to chance |
Less |
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When looking at Relative Risk and Confidence Intervals, if you are provided with the following: RR= 1.7 (0.8, 2.2), you could interpret this as a person is 1.7 times ______ likely to develop a condition. This is known as _______ association. When an Relative Risk is deemed to have a ______ factor, the RR is typically ______ than the null value |
C - More |
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Which of the following is true about correlation statistics? |
3. -0.30 is stronger than a correlation of 0.25 |
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What type of data is the mean significant for? |
Interval / ratio data |
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What is it meant when the term Theoretical Population is mentioned? |
Who you want to generalise the study findings to |
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What is the sample frame? |
Accessible population to draw the sample from |
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What are the 4 sizes of study populations? |
1. Theoretical population |
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How can a type II error can be rectified? |
By changing the sample size |
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What are the different ways to rate an R correlation coefficient? |
0.01 - 0.25 = weak |
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What are the 3 Qualitative study designs |
1. Focus groups |
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What do Cohort studies cover? |
Retrospective and prospective time frames
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What can observational studies infer and what cant they infer? |
They can infer correlation but cannot infer causation |
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What do Odds Ratio's of <1 and >1 mean? |
<1 = Exposure decreases the odds of having an outcome |
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How do you describe an Odds Ratio of 1.7? |
It is 1.7 times more likely to have that outcome |
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How would you describe an Odds Ratio of 0.69? |
It is 31% less likely to have that outcome |
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What is the 4 dog defense experiment? |
1. "My dog does not bite" |
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What advantages can case studies have over study designs? |
The case will be more personal, rather than direct data |
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How many phases do clinical trials go through? |
Three |
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What is herd immunity? |
It is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune |
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What are the 3 sections of the Hippocratic Oath? |
1. All actions must benefit the patient |
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What is the fundamental Principle of the Nuremburg Code? |
That there must be voluntary consent |
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What is deductive and inductive reasoning? |
Deductive: Many ideas are funneled down into simple statements |
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What does a prospective Cohort design measure? |
Levels of exposure |
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What is grounded theory? |
A study with no preconceived ideas. The data flow, influences the direction of the study |
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What is Ethnography? |
It is a study of cultural differences |
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What is Phenomenology research and how is it conducted? |
It is the study of lived experience vs representative experience and is conducted through observation |
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When is a P value of >0.05 good? |
When it is the baseline demographic: >0.05 represents between-group differences. |
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What are confounding variables? |
Variables outside the study that can effect the results of the study |
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What study design can effectively show cause and effect? |
Randomly Controlled Trials (RCT's) |
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Whats the key difference between a research question and a hypothesis? |
RQ is a question. The hypothesis is a statment |
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What is the casual variable and which is the affected variable in: |
X is the casual |
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What 2 problems must causal studies resolve? |
1 Extraneous variables: variables outside the study affecting the results of the study |
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What problem does manipulating the causal variable resolve? |
Directionality problem |
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What problem does random assignment control? |
Extraneous variable problem |
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What is operationalization? |
It is the process of converting theoretical ideas into a tightly defined & quantifiable statement |
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What is an operational definition? |
How the researcher chooses to study a variable |
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What are the 4 desirable properties of measurement? |
1. Reliability |
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What are the 3 forms of reliability testing? |
1. Test-retest: administering the same test twice |
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What does systematic error and random error affect? |
Systematic error affects the mean |
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What is PICO and what is it useful for? |
Population: information regarding the population |
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What does levels of evidence mean? |
To what degree information can be trusted |
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What are the pros and cons of a systematic review? |
Pros: |
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What sampling frame difference is there between probability and non-probability data? |
Probability: Accurate |
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What sampling error difference is there between probability and non-probability? |
Probability: Can not be calculated |
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What sampling size difference is there between probability and and non-probability data? |
Probability: Determined by sample theory |
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What level of generalizability difference is there between probability and non-probability? |
Probability: Representative |
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What are different kinds of validity? |
Face/content: Difficult to find external measures to correlate with the test |
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What are some ways to reduce measurement error? |
- Repeat several times |
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What is a Relative Risk and Odds ratio in terms? |
Relative risk: Ratio of probability of an event occurring in an exposed group, compared to an unexposed group |
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What is analysis of variance? |
Test that compares the average scores between 3 or more outcomes |
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What is the difference between single blind and double blind studies? |
Single blind: Participant doesnt know what group they are in |
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What do single and double blind studies help to reduce? |
Single: Reduces personal bias |
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What kind of study is a Epidemiological study? |
Observational |
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What is the main issue with Cohort studies? |
Attrition |
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What is Progressing focusing? |
Changing the research question in light of the data |
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What is the difference between a positive and a negative association? |
Positive: Exposure increases offs of outcome |
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When relative risk has a Protective Exposure, what does this mean? |
The relative risk is generally less than the null value |
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What are the 3 percentage levels of Standard Deviation that are used on a non-skewed graph? |
SD = 68% |
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If the mean of a non-skewed graph is 100 and the SD is 95 and 105. What is the SD2 and SD3? |
SD2 = 90 and 110 |
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If the mean of a non-skewed graph is 350 and the SD is 325 and 375. What is the SD2 and SD3? |
SD2 = 300 and 400 |
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In a study examining the impact of smoking, upon rates of cancer. What is the independent variable and dependent variable? |
Smoking = Independent variable |
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As the number of sleeping hours decrease, the mental alertness also decreases. This is known as a: |
1. A positive correlation |
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What does a correlation provide and what number is it always show to be in between? |
It provides direction and strength. Correlation is always between -1 and +1 |