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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
divisions of the lung bud are called |
dichotomous divisions |
|
• Fluid in pleural cavity |
hydrothorax |
|
• Lymph in pleural cavity |
chylothorax |
|
• Air in pleural cavity |
pneumothorax |
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• Blood in pleural cavity |
hemothorax |
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Lungs, at birth, have ______ of adult respiratory bronchioles |
1/6 |
|
postnatal lung growth increases the ______of alveoli. |
number |
|
The number of alveoli and respiratory bronchioles continues increasing until______of age |
10 years |
|
When do type I and II alveolar epithelial cells appear? |
at 7 months |
|
What's surfactant made out of (mostly) |
phospholipids |
|
Contents of alveolar fluid |
high electrolyte concentration |
|
What happens if there's no surfactant at birth? |
fetal respiratory distress syndrome |
|
How long does the pseudoglandular period last? |
5-16 weeks` |
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How long does the canalicular period last? |
16-26 weeks |
|
How long does the terminal sac period last? |
26 weeks to birth |
|
How long does the alveolar period last? |
8 months 'til childhood (about 10 years old) |
|
The most frequent type of tracheoesophageal atresia? |
The proximal part of the esophagus is atretic, while the distal part forms a fistula with the trachea. |
|
Tracheoesophageal fistulas usually accompany ___________ -______ of the time |
heart anomalies 33% |
|
The 1st pharyngeal cleft forms ________ |
the external acoustic hiatus |
|
the pharyngeal pouches form the ______ |
Eustachian tube, palatine tonsils, parathyroid gland |
|
The ______pharyngeal arches will develop the larynx |
4th and 6th |
|
the entrance into the trachea is called |
the laryngeal orifice |
|
Epiglottal swellings come from |
the fourth pharyngeal arch |
|
Laryngeal swellings come from |
the sixth pharyngeal arch |
|
cartilages of the larynx |
3 unpaired: epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid |
|
the respiratory system from the larynx downwards is made out of _____ except the surrounding muscles and CT which come from____ |
endoderm |
|
Structures that form the tongue |
Foramen cecum, the copula, lateral lingual swellings |
|
the thyroid gland comes from _____originally and then it migrates to the ______ of the larynx through the ____ |
the tongue foramen cecum |
|
nerves to the larynx |
a) Superior laryngeal nerve → to 4 |
|
Sometimes bronchioles close and form a ______ of the lung |
congenital cyst |
|
When is the buccopharyngeal membrane ruptured? |
4th week |
|
the cardiac orifice of the stomach is in the thorax → |
congenital hiatal hernia. |
|
The bare area of the liver is covered by |
the central tendon of the diaphragm |
|
The stomach appears as a fusiform dilation in ___ |
the fourth week of development |
|
Around the stomach, the left vagus nerve becomes the ____vagus nerve, and the right vagus nerve becomes the _____vagus nerve |
anterior posterior |
|
The stomach becomes oblique after it rotates around its____ |
Anteroposterior axis |
|
Differential growth in the stomach leads to the formation of |
the lesser and greater curvatures |
|
The _____ called “the policeman of the abdomen” because _______ |
Greater omentum |
|
the connection between the greater and lesser sacs |
Epiploic foramen/ opening of lesser sac/ Omental foramen |
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The doudenum is ___ inches long |
10 |
|
The 1st part of the duodenum is |
2 inches long |
|
The 2nd part of the duodenum is |
3 inches long |
|
the 3rd part of the duodenum is |
4 inches long |
|
the 4th part of the duodenum is |
1 inch long |
|
• The whole small intestine is_____meters long |
7.5 |
|
The large intestine is _______ meters long |
1.5 |
|
The first and last inches of the duodenum are |
intraperitoneal |
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The root of the mesentery is |
15 cm long |
|
The superior mesenteric artery and vein run through ____ |
the root of the mesentery |
|
• How do we differentiate between the jejunum and the ileum during surgery? |
o The mesentery is thick at the end, and thin (translucent) at the beginning. |
|
canaliculi are formed by |
the hepatic bud |
|
when does the liver weight 10% of body weight? |
at 10 weeks because it's active in hematopoiesis |
|
when does the liver weigh 5% of body weight |
2 months before birth |
|
When does the liver start producing bile secretions? |
at 12 weeks |
|
the bile duct is formed from |
the hepatic bud |
|
the gallbladder bud and cystic duct are formed from |
the bile duct |
|
The ventral pancreatic bud forms the |
uncinate process of the pancreas and the lower part of the head of the pancreas |
|
The dorsal pancreatic bud forms the |
upper part of the head of the pancreas, in addition to the body and the neck and the tail |
|
The main pancreatic duct is formed from the |
distal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct and the entire ventral pancreatic duct |
|
The accessory pancreatic duct is formed from |
the proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud. . |
|
a ring around the duodenum in |
annular pancreas |
|
distension of the gallbladder, the hepatic duct and the cystic duct in |
obliteration of the bile duct |
|
Physiological umbilical hernia occurs in the ____ week, and it goes back to normal in the ____week. |
6th 10th |
|
The intestines will rotate _____ degrees _____ |
270 counter-clockwise. |
|
In ____% of cases, pelvic appendix |
21 |
|
In ___% of cases, retrocecal/ retrocolic appendix |
50% |
|
the base of the appendix is the |
point where tenia coli meet at the cecum |
|
when the intestines only rotate 90 degrees we get |
left-sided colon |
|
when the intestines rotate 90 degrees clockwise we get |
Reversed rotation of the intestinal loop |
|
the proximal part of the vitelline duct persists and the distal part is obliterated into a vitelline ligament |
Meckel's diverticulum |
|
• The middle portion of the vitelline duct persists |
vitelline cyst |
|
• Feces emerges from the umbilicus |
umbilical/ vitelline fistula |
|
the affected portion of the bowel is coiled around a remnant of mesentery. |
apple-peel atresia (10%) |
|
in _____ of cases, there are multiple atresias in the intestinal wall |
5% |
|
In ______of cases, a region of the bowel is lost The first part is normal-sized and closed off, the second part is stenosed and closed off |
50% |
|
The urorectal septum separates the cloaca into |
urogenital sinus and anorectal canal |
|
The urorectal septum separates the cloacal memebrane into |
anal membrane and urogenital membrane |
|
o The urorectal septum forms the _____ |
perineal body |
|
the superior part of the urogenital sinus forms the |
urinary bladder |
|
The pectinate line is formed from ______ |
anal sinuses |
|
• Anal fistula at thigh with pus coming out |
anal fissure |
|
Length of male urethra |
15-20cm long |
|
Length of female urethra |
4 cm |
|
Pronephros appears and degenerates in ___ |
4th week |
|
excretory tubules from mesonephros appear at ____ and stop functioning at _____ and degenerate at ____ |
4 weeks 8 weeks 8 months |
|
the ____ will form the permanent kidney |
metanephros |
|
The collecting system is composed of: |
collecting tubules + the ureters + the renal pelvis + the major and minor calyces |
|
The excretory system is composed of |
renal corpuscle + proximal convoluted tubule + loop of Henle + distalconvoluted tubule |
|
At birth kidneys are ____ |
lobulated |
|
Urine accumulates and forms sacs in____ |
polycystic kidney |
|
When the uretric bud divides in two, we get a ___ |
bifid ureter |
|
Kidneys are usually developed in the ___ |
pelvis |
|
Pelvic kidneys are usually accompanied by___ |
stone formation |
|
Accessory renal arteries usually arise from the aorta and enter the _____ |
superior or inferior poles of the kidneys. |
|
The horseshoe kidney is usually at the level of ______ because its ascent is prevented by the ______ |
the lower lumbar vertebrae root of the inferior mesenteric artery |
|
Parts of the urogenital sinus |
• Upper part → forms the urinary bladder • Middle part → definitive urogenital sinus → forms prostatic and membranous urethra in maleso Participates in formation of the female urethra • Third part → phallic part → forms penile urethra in males o Participates in formation of the female urethra |
|
Prostatic glands secrete ___ containing ____ |
seminal fluid |
|
• Gonadal development is determined by _____ |
the presence/ absence of the Y chromosome. |
|
the SRY gene carries ____ |
testis determining factor |
|
testes/ ovaries are formed in the ____ |
seventh week |
|
Primitive sex cords cords form |
rete testis cords and horseshoe-shaped cords (seminepherous cords) |
|
Mesonephric ducts in the male genital system form |
excretory mesonephric ducts → will form efferent ductules |
|
_____ + ____ = ejaculatory duct → opens in_____ |
Seminal duct + vas deferens prostatic urethra. |
|
supporting cells of primordial germ cells |
Sustentacular cells of Sertoli |
|
produce testosterone |
Interstitial cells of Leydig |
|
in females the medullary sex cords____ |
degenerate. instead, new cortical cords are formed |
|
genital ducts and external genitalia develop under the effect of ______ |
hormones. |
|
secrete Mullerian inhibitory substance |
Sartolli cells |
|
In males, remnants of the paramesonephric ducts form |
appendix of the testis |
|
In males, the mesonephric ducts form |
the epididymis the seminal vesicles the ejaculatory ducts the paradidymis →vestigeal the appendix of the epididymis→ vestigeal |
|
The uterine canal forms |
the body of the uterus, the cervix of the uterus, and the upper third of the vagina. |
|
What forms the lower 2/3 of the vagina |
sinovaginal bulbs |
|
The hymen is formed from |
a part of the wall of the urogenital sinus that's left behind |
|
Epoophoron and Paraoophoron. |
vestigeal structures in the mesovarium from remnants of the mesonephric ducts |
|
Gartner cyst |
remnants of the mesonephric ducts in the wall of the vagina |
|
septum between paramesonephric ducts persisted |
uterus didelphysis w/ double vagina |
|
uterus is only slightly indented in the middle |
uterus arcuatus |
|
uterus has two horns entering a common vagina |
uterus bicornis |
|
complete or partial atresia of one of the paramesonephric ducts |
uterus bicornis unicollis |
|
Three common structures in external genitalia |
urethral folds genital tubercule genital swellings |
|
Parts of the penile urethra |
endodermal→ from urogenital sinus |
|
urethral folds don’t close over the urethral groove at the root of the glans |
hypospadias |
|
urethral opening is found on the dorsum of the penis |
epispadias |
|
ectopia vesica is accompanied by |
epispadias |
|
When do external genitalia develop? |
in weeks 3-8 |
|
undescended testes |
cryptorchidism |
|
testes reach inguinal region at |
12 weeks |
|
testes reach inguinal canal at |
28 weeks |
|
testes enter the scrotum at |
33 weeks |
|
testes may descend normally ___ after birth |
up 'til 3 months |