Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
#1 cause of Cushing's syndrome
|
exogenous steroids
|
|
ACTH level in Cushing's disease
|
up
|
|
ACTH level in ectopic ACTH
|
very high
|
|
ACTH level in adrenal adenoma
|
low
|
|
dexamethasone test in normal person
|
should suppress cortisol production after a low dose
|
|
dexamethasone test in ACTH producting pituitary tumor
|
no change w/ low dose, decrease cortisol w/ high dose
|
|
Conn's syndrome
|
aldosterone secreting tumor
|
|
symptoms of Conn's
|
HTN, hypoK, met alkalosis, low renin
|
|
secondary hyperaldosteronism
|
kidney perception of low volume results in an overactive RAAS system
|
|
causes of secondary hyperaldosteronism
|
renal a stenosis, chronic renal failure, CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
|
|
Addison's disease
|
chronic primary adrenal insufficiency d/t adrenal atrophy or destruction
|
|
symptoms of Addison's
|
hypoTN, hyperK, acidosis, skin hyperpigmentation
|
|
secondary adrenal insufficiency
|
decreased pituitary ACTH production; no hyperpigmentation or hyperK
|
|
Waterhouse Friderichesen Syndrome
|
acute primary adrenal insufficiency d/t adrenal hemorrhage assoc w/ N. meningiditis septicemia, DIC, endotoxic show
|
|
what do pheochromocytomas secrete?
|
epi, NE, dopamine
|
|
symptoms of pheochromocytoma
|
episodic HTN; 5 Ps: pressure (BP), pain (headache), perspiration, palpitations, pallor
|
|
urine findings in pheochromocytoma
|
VMA
|
|
what diseases is pheochromocytoma assoc w/?
|
MEN 2A, 2B; neurofibromatosis
|
|
treatment of pheochromocytoma
|
α-antagonist (phenoxybenzamine), then beta blocker
|
|
urine findings in neuroblastoma
|
homovanillic acid
|
|
what oncogene assoc w/ neuroblastoma? Tumor marker? Histo?
|
N-myc, bombesin, homer wright pseudorosettes
|
|
21 hydroxylase deficiency
|
masculinization, hypoTN, hyperK+, volume depletion, salt wasting
|
|
17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
|
external female, HTN, hypoK+
|
|
11 beta hydroxylase deficiency
|
masculinization, HTN
|
|
most common cause of hypothyroidism
|
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
|
|
patho Hashimoto's
|
autoimmune: anti microsomal + anti-thyroglobulin Abs
|
|
what HLA type assoc w/ Hashimoto's
|
DR5
|
|
histology of Hashimoto's
|
Hurtle cells, lymphocytes, germinal centers
|
|
causes of Cretinism
|
endemic when no dietary iodine, sporadic when defect in T4 or thyroid formation
|
|
presentation of Cretinism
|
pot bellied, pale, puffy faced, protruding umbillicus, protuberant tongue
|
|
most common cause of hypothyroidism
|
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
|
|
Subacute thyroiditis
|
self limited hypothyroidism following flu-like illness
|
|
patho Hashimoto's
|
autoimmune: anti microsomal + anti-thyroglobulin Abs
|
|
what HLA type assoc w/ Hashimoto's
|
DR5
|
|
very tender thryoid
|
subacute thyroidis
|
|
labs + histo in Subacute thyroiditis
|
increased ESR, granulomatous inflammation
|
|
histology of Hashimoto's
|
Hurtle cells, lymphocytes, germinal centers
|
|
Riedel's thyroiditis
|
thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue
|
|
causes of Cretinism
|
endemic when no dietary iodine, sporadic when defect in T4 or thyroid formation
|
|
patho of Grave's
|
autoimmune hypertyroid w/ TSH receptor Abs; type 2 hypersensitivity
|
|
presentation of Cretinism
|
pot bellied, pale, puffy faced, protruding umbillicus, protuberant tongue
|
|
presentation Grave's
|
ophthalmopathy, pretibial myxedema, diffuse goiter
|
|
Subacute thyroiditis
|
self limited hypothyroidism following flu-like illness
|
|
very tender thryoid
|
subacute thyroidis
|
|
Thyrotoxicosis
|
stress induced catecholamine surge --> death d/t arrhythmia
|
|
Toxic multinodular goiter
|
focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells d/t mutation in TSH receptor
|
|
labs + histo in Subacute thyroiditis
|
increased ESR, granulomatous inflammation
|
|
Riedel's thyroiditis
|
thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue
|
|
Job Basedow phenomenon
|
thyrotoxicosis if pts w/ iodine deficient goiter is given iodine
|
|
which thyroid cancer: ground glass nuclei
|
papillary
|
|
patho of Grave's
|
autoimmune hypertyroid w/ TSH receptor Abs; type 2 hypersensitivity
|
|
presentation Grave's
|
ophthalmopathy, pretibial myxedema, diffuse goiter
|
|
which thyroid cancer: psammoma bodies
|
papillary
|
|
Thyrotoxicosis
|
stress induced catecholamine surge --> death d/t arrhythmia
|
|
which thyroid cancer: RAS mutation
|
follicular
|
|
which thyroid cancer: amyloid stroma
|
medullary
|
|
Toxic multinodular goiter
|
focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells d/t mutation in TSH receptor
|
|
Job Basedow phenomenon
|
thyrotoxicosis if pts w/ iodine deficient goiter is given iodine
|
|
which thyroid cancer: assco w/ Hashimoto's
|
lymphoma
|
|
which thyroid cancer: RET oncogene
|
papillary
|
|
which thyroid cancer: ground glass nuclei
|
papillary
|
|
which thyroid cancer: psammoma bodies
|
papillary
|
|
which thyroid cancer: BRAF
|
papillary
|
|
MEN 1
|
parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary
|
|
which thyroid cancer: RAS mutation
|
follicular
|
|
which thyroid cancer: amyloid stroma
|
medullary
|
|
MEN 2A
|
medullary thyroid, parathyroid, phenochromoctoma
|
|
which thyroid cancer: assco w/ Hashimoto's
|
lymphoma
|
|
MEN 2B
|
medullary, mucosal tumors, pheochromocytoma
|
|
which thyroid cancer: RET oncogene
|
papillary
|
|
ret gene assoc w/ which MEN
|
2A, 2B
|
|
inheritance of MEN syndromes
|
AD
|
|
which thyroid cancer: BRAF
|
papillary
|
|
MEN 1
|
parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary
|
|
MEN 2A
|
medullary thyroid, parathyroid, phenochromoctoma
|
|
MEN 2B
|
medullary, mucosal tumors, pheochromocytoma
|
|
ret gene assoc w/ which MEN
|
2A, 2B
|
|
inheritance of MEN syndromes
|
AD
|
|
primary hyperPTH
|
adenoma of parathyroid gland
|
|
labs in primary hyperPTH
|
hyperCa2+, hypoP, alk phos, cAMP in urine
|
|
presentation of primary hyperPTh
|
stones, bones, groans, psychic moans
|
|
secondary hyperPTH
|
hyperplasia d/t decreased gut Ca2+ absorption and increased P
|
|
labs in secondary hyperPTH
|
hypoCa2+, hyperP, alk phos
|
|
tertiary hyperPTH
|
refractory hyperPTH from chronic renal disease
|
|
causes of hypoPTH
|
accidental surgical excision, autoimmune, DiGeorge
|
|
primary hyperPTH
|
adenoma of parathyroid gland
|
|
Chvostek's sign
|
tap facial nerve --> contract facial muscles
|
|
labs in primary hyperPTH
|
hyperCa2+, hypoP, alk phos, cAMP in urine
|
|
Trousseau's sign
|
occlude brachial artery w/ BP cuff --> carpal spasm
|
|
presentation of primary hyperPTh
|
stones, bones, groans, psychic moans
|
|
pseudohypoPTH
|
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy: AD kidney unresponsive to PTH
|
|
secondary hyperPTH
|
hyperplasia d/t decreased gut Ca2+ absorption and increased P
|
|
findings in Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy
|
hypoCa2, shortened 4th/5th digits, short stature
|
|
labs in secondary hyperPTH
|
hypoCa2+, hyperP, alk phos
|
|
bitemporal hemianopsia assoc w/?
|
prolactinoma
|
|
tertiary hyperPTH
|
refractory hyperPTH from chronic renal disease
|
|
how to diagnose excess GH?
|
increased serum IGF-1
|
|
causes of hypoPTH
|
accidental surgical excision, autoimmune, DiGeorge
|
|
treatment of pituitary adenoma
|
resect + octreotide
|
|
Chvostek's sign
|
tap facial nerve --> contract facial muscles
|
|
treatment of central DI
|
intranasal desmopressin
|
|
Trousseau's sign
|
occlude brachial artery w/ BP cuff --> carpal spasm
|
|
treatment of nephrogenic DI
|
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
|
|
pseudohypoPTH
|
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy: AD kidney unresponsive to PTH
|
|
causes of central DI
|
pituitary tumor, trauma, surgery, histiocytosis X
|
|
findings in Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy
|
hypoCa2, shortened 4th/5th digits, short stature
|
|
causes of nephrogenic DI
|
hereditary, lithium, demeclocycline, secondary to hyperCa2+
|
|
bitemporal hemianopsia assoc w/?
|
prolactinoma
|
|
3 findings in SIADH
|
excess water retention, hypoNa+, urine osmolarity > serum osmolarity
|
|
how to diagnose excess GH?
|
increased serum IGF-1
|
|
how does body respond to SIADH?
|
decrease aldosterone --> hyponatremia
|
|
treatment of pituitary adenoma
|
resect + octreotide
|
|
histology of type 1 vs type 2 diabetes
|
1: leukocyte infiltrate; 2: amyloid deposition
|
|
treatment of central DI
|
intranasal desmopressin
|
|
labs in DKA
|
hyperglycemia, anion gap met acid, hyperK+ but depleted intracellular K
|
|
treatment of nephrogenic DI
|
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
|
|
DKA treatment
|
fluids, insulin, K+
|
|
causes of central DI
|
pituitary tumor, trauma, surgery, histiocytosis X
|
|
symptoms of carcinoid
|
diarrhea, flushing, wheezing, R side valve disease
|
|
causes of nephrogenic DI
|
hereditary, lithium, demeclocycline, secondary to hyperCa2+
|
|
labs in carcinoid syndrome
|
urine 5-HIAA
|
|
3 findings in SIADH
|
excess water retention, hypoNa+, urine osmolarity > serum osmolarity
|
|
treatment of carcinoid syndrome
|
octreotide
|
|
how does body respond to SIADH?
|
decrease aldosterone --> hyponatremia
|
|
Zollinger Ellison syndrome
|
gastrin secreting tumor of pancreas or duodenum
|
|
histology of type 1 vs type 2 diabetes
|
1: leukocyte infiltrate; 2: amyloid deposition
|
|
labs in DKA
|
hyperglycemia, anion gap met acid, hyperK+ but depleted intracellular K
|
|
DKA treatment
|
fluids, insulin, K+
|
|
symptoms of carcinoid
|
diarrhea, flushing, wheezing, R side valve disease
|
|
labs in carcinoid syndrome
|
urine 5-HIAA
|
|
treatment of carcinoid syndrome
|
octreotide
|
|
Zollinger Ellison syndrome
|
gastrin secreting tumor of pancreas or duodenum
|