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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Two Vital Concerns of Epidemiology
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1) the quality of the data
2) appropriate application of the data |
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Primary Source
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documents or physical objects that are created or written during the course of a study.
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Secondary Source
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interprets and analyzes primary sources. Usually are one or more steps removed from the event.
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4 questions that should be raised with respect to the quality of epidemiological data:
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1. What is the nature of the data including sources and content.
2. How accessible if the data. 3. How complete is the population coverage. 4. What are the appropriate and inappropriate uses of the data. |
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Representativeness/External validity
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the generalizability of the findings to the population the data was taken from.
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Vital Events
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birth, death, marriage, divorce, and fetal death.
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Death certificate data includes:
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1. demographic factors
2. date and location 3. Causes of death |
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Factors that affect the quality of epidemiologic data:
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1. quality is determined by the sources used to obtain the data and how complete the data covers the reference population.
2. The quality of data affects the permissible application of the data and the types of statistical analysis that may be performed. |
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Public Health Surveillance
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The systematic and continuous gathering of info about the occurrence of diseases and other health related phenomena.
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Syndromic Surveillance
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Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response.
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Reportable or Notifiable Disease
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STIs
measles tetanus rubella plague food borne illness |
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Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
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Used by the US and the state level to monitor behavioral risk factors that are related to chronic disease.
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Registry
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A centralized database for collection of info about a disease
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Register
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The document used to collect the data the information on the disease.
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Life Expectancy
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the number of years that a person is expected to live at any particular year.
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Maternal Mortality
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The number of deaths related to childbirth divided by the number of live births.
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Fetal Mortality
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deaths of a fetus that occur while still in uterus before delivery.
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Fetal Death rate
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number of deaths after 20 weeks of gestation divided by the number of live births + the number of deaths after 20 weeks of gestation.
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Late Fetal death Rate
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number of deaths after 28 weeks of gestation divided by the nuber of live births + the number of fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more of gestation.
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Crude Birth Rates
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The number of live births divided by the population at midpoint of the year
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Spatial clustering
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Aggregation of events in a geographic region
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general fertility rate
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The number of live births divided by the number of women aged 15-44 at the midpoint of the year.
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perinatal mortality rate
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number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks of gestation plus the infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births + the number of late fetal deaths.
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Descriptive Epidemiology
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the occurrence of disease according to the variables of person, place, and time.
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Descriptive Epidemiology provides valuable information for:
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disease prevention
design of interventions conduct of additional research |
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A descriptive Epidemiologic study:
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is concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population.
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Aims of descriptive epidemiology
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1. evaluate trends in health and disease.
2. basis of planning and evaluating health services. 3. identify problems to be studied and suggest areas that may be fruitful for investigation. |
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Case reports
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Look and a single occurrence of a noteworthy health-related incident or a small collection of such events.
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Case series
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A larger occurrence of a disease.
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cross-sectional studies
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an investigation that examines the relationship between diseases and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at a specific time. A type of prevalence study
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Person variables
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Age
Sex Race/Ethnicity Socioeconomic status marital status nativity |
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Point Epidemic
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the response of a group of people in a specific place to a common source of infection, contamination, or other etiologic factor to which they were exposed almost simultaneously.
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5 major race/ethnicity categories in the census.
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white
black/african american american indian/alaska native asian native hawaiian/ pacific islander |
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nativity
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place of origin. subdivisions are foreign born and native born
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socioeconomic status
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a person's position in society that is oftentimes based on a persons income level, education level, and type of job
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social class gradient
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an association of SES with levels of morbidity and mortality with those at the lowest SES level confronted with the highest morbidity and mortality from numerous causes.
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health disparities
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differences in the occurrence of diseases and adverse health conditions in the population.
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place variables
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international
national urban-rural differences localized patterns of diseases |
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Secular Trends
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gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long time periods
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Cyclic Trends
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increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease over a period of several years or within a year.
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Clustering
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a closely related group series of events or cases of a disease with well defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place.
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temporal clustering
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the occurrence of events related to time.
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