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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 assumptions shared by psychodynamic therapies
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1. Human behavior motivated largely by unconscious processes
2. Early development has profound effect on adult functioning 3. Universal principles explain personality development and behavior 4. Insight into unconscious processes is a key component of psychotherapy |
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The 3 parts of Freud’s structural (drive) model of the psyche are:
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1. Id--> birth; life & death instincts (in direct opposition of the superego, dominated by pleasure principle)
2. Ego--> 6 mo.; reality principle (mediates amongst the id, superego and external world) 3. Superego--> 4-5 yrs; internalizes society’s values (acts as conscious and ego-ideal) |
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Id is to ego as ______ is to ______.
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Pleasure principle
Reality principle |
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5 stages of Freud’s psychosexual development where the libido (sexual energy) shifts from one area of the body to another
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1. Oral: 1st year
2. Anal: 1-3 yrs 3. Phallic: 3-6 yrs 4. Latency: 6-12 yrs 5. Genital: 12+ yrs **Orphan Annie is a Pretty Little Girl** |
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8 major defense mechanisms
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* Repression (most basic defense)
* Displacement * Suppression * Sublimation * Projection * Regression * Reaction formation * Rationalization Defenses keep impulses unconscious and anxiety occurs when defenses break down. |
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2 common characteristics of defense mechanisms
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1. Unconscious
2. Deny, distort or falsify reality |
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Psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Goal? Techniques?
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Goal: bring unconscious into conscious awareness & integrate previously repressed info
Techniques: free association, dreams, resistances, transferences (confrontation, clarification, interpretation, working through) |
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Freud’s Oedipal complex occurs in the ______ psychosexual stage.
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Phallic
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One of Freud’s central beliefs was that ideas could be dissociated from consciousness. Who was the source for this belief?
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Charcot
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Key concepts of Adler’s individual psychology
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* Inferiority feelings --> develop in childhood from real or perceived bio/psycho/social weaknesses
* Striving for superiority--> inherent tendency toward “perfect completion” * Style of life --> ways person compensates for inferiority and achieves superiority * Social interest --> goals for healthy or unhealthy (mistaken) style of life |
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What is Adler’s teleological approach?
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View that behavior is largely motivated by future goals (goal-directed and purposeful) rather than determined by past events
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Difference between Adler's and Freud's theories.
Adler's explanation of maladaptive behavior. |
* Adler focuses on social factors.
* Mental disorders represent mistaken style of life. Trying to compensate for feelings of inferiority, preoccupation with achieving personal power, lack of social interest. |
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Jung’s analytical psychotherapy focuses on ________ and ______ processes.
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Conscious (oriented to external world, governed by ego)
Unconscious (personal unconscious and collective unconscious) Goal is to integrate them (called individuation) |
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Jung’s main archetypes
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* Self (striving for unity of personality)
* Persona (public mask) * Shadow (dark side) * Anima (feminine aspects) * Animus (masculine aspects) |
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What common crisis did Jung define?
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Midlife crisis
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Focus of object relations theory
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Development of introjects (internalized representations) based upon early interactions.
View object-seeking (relationships with others) as basic inborn drive. |
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Mahler’s phases of development for creating an identity
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1. Normal autism (1 mo.) --> oblivious to external environment
2. Normal symbiosis (2-3 mo.) --> fused with mother, cannot differentiate 3. Separation-individuation (4 mo.- 3 yrs.) --> separation through exploring environment; conflict between independence & dependence; develop permanent sense of self and object (object constancy) |
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According to Kernberg, borderline personality disorder originates from:
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Inability to integrate positive and negative parts of self and others (splitting).
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Main focus of the humanistic therapists.
How they view psychopathology. |
Focus: Subjective experience of the here and now.
Psychopathology: well-intentioned defense that interferes with personal growth |
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What is Carl Roger’s theory of psychotherapy?
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Person-centered therapy
* all people have innate self-actualizing tendencies * need to reconcile discrepancy between real and ideal sense of self |
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What are Roger’s necessary and sufficient conditions for growth?
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1. unconditional positive regard (respect)
2. genuineness (congruence) 3. accurate empathic understanding |
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Gestalt therapy: Founder, Focus, Goal
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FOUNDER: Fritz Perls
FOCUS: self (creative part of personality) and self-image (imposes external standards) GOAL: integrate self and self-image into unified whole; awareness of thoughts, feelings & actions in the present |
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4 boundary disturbances in Gestalt therapy
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1. Introjection (can’t differentiate between self & other; leads to overcompliance)
2. Projection (blind spot, it’s present but can’t see it so project; leads to paranoia) 3. Retroflection (doing to himself what he wants to do to others) 4. Confluence (no boundaries between self & environment; want likeness of self; leads to guilt & resentment) |
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Focus of existential therapy
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The human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, isolation. Assumes people are in constant state of "becoming".
Goal is to reconcile upsetting feelings and be self-aware |
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What is William Glasser’s Theory? What is its goal?
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Reality therapy- people can take control of their lives.
Goal is to create a success identity (fulfill needs in responsible way) **Look through the Glass to see Reality** |
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According to Glasser, what are the psychological and physical innate needs?
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Psychological- belonging, power, freedom, fun
Physical- survival |
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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) is primarily used to treat _________.
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Depression
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According to Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), depression is the result of:
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Early attachment disturbances that lead to problems in social roles and interpersonal functioning
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4 problem areas focused on in Interpersonal Therapy?
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1. Grief
2. Interpersonal role disputes 3. Role transitions 4. Interpersonal deficits |
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5 stages of change in the Transtheoretical Model
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1. Precontemplation- denial, little insight
2. Contemplation- aware of need to change 3. Preparation- realistic plan 4. Action 5. Maintenance- change of 6+ mo., prevent relapse **PCP in the AM** |
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__________ is consistent with the transtheoretical model and was developed for clients ambivalent about change.
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Motivational interviewing
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2 primary theories that influenced family therapy
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1. General systems theory --> open system (info from/to environment, easier to change), homeostasis (maintain status quo, one gets better = another gets worse)
2. Cybernetics --> feedback loops: negative (no change, maintain status quo) or positive (change, disrupts system) |
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3 main assumptions of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
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1. People are always communicating (verbal/nonverbal)
2. Functions --> report (content/info) & command (nonverbal, reflects relationship). Problem when don’t match. 3. Communication patterns --> symmetrical (equality but may become competitive) & complementary (inequality, maximize differences) |
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What percentage of clients drop out of group therapy? What factors influence choosing group members?
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* 10-35% drop out in first 12-20 sessions
Good candidates --> interpersonal issues, motivated, positive view of therapy, verbal Bad candidates --> incompatible w/ group norms, can’t tolerate group setting, extreme depression, psychosis, paranoia, TBI |
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Extended Family Systems Therapy: Founder, Theory, Goal, Technique
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FOUNDER: Bowen
THEORY: Probelms result of multigenerational transmission. GOAL: intellectual & emotional differentiation TECHNIQUE: Focus on spouses or 2 most mature people; do genogram; be coach and educate them **From a large crowd of all the family members, he used a BOW to strike an arrow into family member that stuck out most. This differentiated the individual singled out to work with.** |
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Structural family therapy: Founder, Focus
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FOUNDER: Minuchin
FOCUS: power hierarchy, boundary problems (rules that determine amount of contact allowed) * Too rigid = disengaged/ isolated * Too diffuse = enmeshed * Rigid triads: detouring (scapegoating); stable coalition (ganging up); triangulation/ unstable coalition (pulled in 2 directions) **Min struck his chin** |
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Strategic family therapy: Founder, Focus, Strategy
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FOUNDER: Haley
FOCUS: communication and how it’s used to increase control STRATEGY: think power, military talks with enemy, directives for troops, paradoxes to fool them, reframing for peace talks, ordeals in boot camp **Haley’s comet was strategically sent around the universe by intelligent life forms.** |
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What is systemic family therapy?
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* Based on circular patterns of action & reaction. Fixed pattern = more problems.
* Uses therapeutic team * Hypothesizing; neutrality; paradox; circular questions (examine perceptions in each family member) |
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3 main concepts of Extended Family Systems Therapy
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1. Differentiation of self --> ability to separate intellect & emotions; ↓ ability = ↑ emotions & fused with family’s emotions (undifferentiated family ego mass)
2. Emotional triangle --> bring in third person to reduce tension; ↓ differentiation = ↑ ET 3. Family protection process --> transmission of parental conflicts/ emotional immaturity to kids, usually oldest or one born at time of stress |
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Yalom's stages of group therapy
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1. determine group structure and meaning; rational communication; look to leader
2. hierarchy develops; more negative comments; some hostility toward leader 3. cohesiveness develops; more trust and self-disclosure |
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What factors has research found to be most important in group therapy? What are the ones of least value?
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MOST IMPORTANT: interpersonal input, catharsis, self-understanding, cohesiveness.
LEAST VALUE: family re-enactment, guidance, identification |
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Group therapist's primary tasks (according to Yalom)
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1. Creation and maintenance of group
2. Culture building (establish norms) 3. Activation and illumination of here-and-now (process work) |
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Feminist therapy: Focus, Goal, Technique
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FOCUS: problems arise from gender conflicts or oppressive social context
GOAL: empowerment TECHNIQUES: egalitarian relationship, avoid labels and revictimization, involvement in social action |
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How is feminist therapy different from traditional therapy?
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Feminist therapy emphasizes power differences between sexes and how it impacts our behavior,
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___% to ___% of group members drop out of therapy during the first ___ to ___ sessions.
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10% - 35%
12 - 20 sessions |
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What makes a person a good candidate for group therapy?
What factors are contraindicated? |
GOOD CANDIDATE: interpersonal issues are primary problem; motivated to change; positive view of group tx; verbal; slow to engage in therapy; appreciates peer support/feedback.
CONTRAINDICATIONS: can't follow group norms; can't tolerate group setting; severe sx (extreme depression, paranoia, psychosis, TBI); sociopathy |
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Crisis Intervention: Goals, Focus
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GOAL: reach people in acute state of stress & provide them with enough support to prevent chronic stress in future.
FOCUS: relieve sx, restore previous level of functioning, identify precipitators & remedies, help with coping skills |
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Are suicide hotlines helpful?
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Evidence that it can reduce suicide rates, especially for young white females (most frequent callers)
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What are the 3 types of prevention in community psychology?
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PRIMARY PREVENTION: decrease incidence of new cases of disorders. Focuses on promoting health available to all members of identified population (ex: immunization programs).
SECONDARY PREVENTION: reduce duration of disorders through early detection & intervention. Identify specific individuals & give them screening, tx. TERTIARY PREVENTION: reduce duration and consequence of disorders. Rehab programs, education. |
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What are 2 main strategies used in community psychology?
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1. Education--> reduce incidence by increasing preventative actions, improve care and educate public. Perceived peer norms can be better predictor of risk than just knowledge.
2. Preventative health care--> Health Belief Model (health behaviors can be modified by targeting knowledge and/or motivation to act), Health Locus of Control Model (can enhance pt's health behaviors by promoting sense of personal responsibility & control) |
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What is consultation?
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Process in which human services professional assists consultee with work- or caretaking-related problem with client system, with goal of helping both consultee and client system in specified way
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What are the 4 stages of consultation?
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1. Entry--> identify needs, contract, enter the system. Resistance most common here.
2. Diangosis--> gather info, define problem, set goals, generate possible intervention 3. Implementation--> choose intervention, make & implement plan. 4. Disengagement--> evaluate consultation, reduce involvement, terminate. |
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What are formative and summative evaluations, as used in consultations?
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Formative evaluations: periodic assessments of consultation process.
Summative evaluations: assessment of consultation product |
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What are the 4 types of mental health consultation?
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1. Client-Centered Case Consultation--> help consultee work better with paticular client. Consultant acts as expert.
2. Consultee-Centered Case Consultation--> enhance consultee's performance in delivering services to particular population/group of clients. Focus on consultee's KSAs and/or objectivity. 3. Program-Centered Adminstrative Consultation--> work with adminstrators to fix existing program. 4. Consultee-Centered Adminstrative Consultation--> help adminstrative-level personnel be more effective with future program. |
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How is consultation different from supervision?
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Supervision usually has person from same profession, who has responsiblity for and power over supervisee.
Consultation may not involve person from same profession and don't have same responsiblity/power. |