Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What on PE in a traumatized animals should make you suspicious of pulmonary contusions? |
increased bronchovesicular scounds |
|
TX for pulmonary contusions
improvement seen |
judicious fluids O2 pain relief
improve generally in 24-36 hours |
|
What clinical signs are indicative of poor tissue perfusion |
pale/gray mm prolonged CRT rapid HR weak pulses |
|
What is the most common organ system effected by heatstroke |
acute renal failure |
|
Besides ARF, what other body systems/side effects occur with heatstroke |
DIC (can occur early or late in dz process) liver dysfunction cardiac arrythmias intraparenchymal hemorrhage (seizures) GI - sloughing widespread necrosis of muscles - rhabdomyolysis- myoglobin
|
|
Signs of ____ become more pronounced as the syndrome progresses |
shock |
|
What breeds are at increased risk for splenic torsion
pathogenesis |
great danes GSD
unknonwn pathogenesis |
|
What particular caution should be taken during SX of splenic torsion |
do not untwist the spleen |
|
With rupture of the biliary system, prior to undergoing surgery, what pre-operative tests should be run and why? |
coagulation screen
b/c the absence of bile salts in the duodenum and jejunum preculedes absorption of fat and fat soluable vitamines (such as vit K) |
|
What elements comprise Virchow's triad |
hypercoagulable state vascular stasis disruption of the vascular endothelium |
|
What differentiates acute lung injury vs. acute respiratory distress syndrome |
based on the severity of hypoxemia It's based on the ratio of the parital pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of insopired oxygen (PaO2:FIO2). ALI is 200-300 ARDS less than 200 |
|
What is the progression of ARDS vs. ALI |
ALl ARDS cases result form prgression of ALI, but not all ALI lead to ARDS |
|
What is the hallmarks of ALI/ARDS |
hypoxemia refractory to increasing amounts of oxygen |
|
What urine output defines oligoanuria |
<0.25 mls/kg/hr |
|
What urine output defines nonoliguria |
0.25-2 ml/kg/hr |
|
What urine output defines polyruia |
greater than 2 mL/kg/hr |
|
When can furosemide be given with low urine output? |
- hydrated animal - adequate blood pressure (MAP >80) |
|
What dose of furosemide can be used for low urine output |
IV bolus 2.2 mg/kg should have results in 20-30 min repeat and double the dose up to 10 mg/kg |
|
When during lactation is hypocalcemia most likely |
second/third week less likely first and fourth |
|
How long after estrus would pyometra deveolpe |
1-12 weeks |
|
What is sepsis |
patient with infection induced systemic inflammation |
|
What is severe sepsis |
organ dysfunction secondary to sepsis |
|
What is septic shock |
development of hypotension not responsive to IV fluid administration |
|
What criteria are seen with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
how many must be present |
Temperature <100.4 >104 HR >90 RR >20 bpm or PaCO2 <32 WBC >12,000 <4,000 or >10% bands
2 or more must be present |
|
If animals have unexplained shock (no HX of PE findings consistent with trauma, blood, fluid loss or cardiac disease) ____ should be suspected as the underlying cause |
sepsis |
|
Goals of TX for sepsis |
- TX infection - supportive care - maintain tissue perfusion - alter the inflammatory cascade |
|
What type of bacteria is MC associated with sepsis in dogs and cats |
gram - |
|
What is cardiogenic shock |
results from failure of adequate forward flow can result from diastolic, systolic or obstruction of flow |
|
Examples of cardiogenic shock systolic diastolic obstructive |
Systolic: CHF Diastolic: HCM, pericardial tympanade, Obstructive: TE dz, tumors, distended organs (GDV)
|
|
What is hypovolemic shock |
inadequate delivery of O to tissues and accumulation of byproducts due to insufficient blood volume |
|
What is distributive shock |
the effective circulating volume is inadequate to provide tissue perfusion
inappropriate vasodilation which leads to a relative hypovolemia |
|
What is a classic example of distributive shock |
septic shock |
|
What are typical signs for early (compensated shock) |
increased HR +/- increased RR |
|
What are intermediate stages of shock |
increased HR increased RR decreased mentation decreased BP |
|
If see increased HR, RR decreased mentation with decreased BP and pale MM, increased CRT, and cold extremeties what type of shock might you be dealing with |
cardiogenic or hypovolemic |
|
If see increased HR, RR decreased mentation with decreased BP and red mucous membranes, decreased CRT and normal to increased temperature, what type of shock might you be dealing with |
distributive shock |
|
What are some treatments for shock
|
O reguardless of the type of shock 1/4 of the shock bolus withing 15 min with re-evaulation of HR, MM, CRT, pulse quality) |
|
What type of shock would fluid therapy be fatal |
cardiogenic |
|
_______ an acute life-theratening allergic reaction resulting from massive generalized release of _____ |
systemic anaphylasis mast cell mediators including histamine |
|
What is the cellular level of interaction that causes the release of histamine from MC |
Ag-IgE on the surface of MC that releases histamine |
|
Systemic anaphylasxis is this type hypersenstivity reaction |
Type 1 |
|
What happens during the infalmmatory response after stimulation of systemic anaphylasis |
- release of inflammatory mediators is reapid: ganulocyte exocytosis within seconds - activation of the arachadonic acid cascade in minuets - cytokin synthesis and secretion in 2-24 hours |
|
ANAPHYLACTOID cause reactions by
What does it not requre |
do not require IgE
directly activating MC to release histamine or more commonly, activating complement
They do not require previous exposure and sensitization |
|
What is the shock organ of the dog? |
liver |
|
What is the shock organ of the cat |
lungs |
|
What are generic TX for anaphylaxis |
- O2 if respiratory distress - fluid therapy - shock doses - epinephrine - inotrophic and chronotropic effects on heart and bronchodilation, decreases systemic inflammatory mediators - +/- glucocorticoids, antihistamines, aminophilline, and atropine
|
|
Why should glucocorticoids not be used in place of epinephrine in the emergency situlation? |
they have little effect on the immediate stages of anaphylaxis |
|
What are some clinical signs of anaphylaxis? |
hypotension bronchospasm uticaria erythema/puritis arrhythmia vomiting diarrhea |
|
What signs are seen initally with anaphylaxis? Progresses to |
excitment V/D
respirtaory distress collapse secondary to hypovolemic shock and death within 1 hour if not treated |