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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Five shared derived traits of Charophytes and plants |
cellulose synthesizing complexes peroxisome enzymes flagellated sperm formation of a pharmoblast molecular similarities |
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sporopollenin |
a durable polymer that prevents an exposed zygote from drying out |
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adaptive advantages and characteristics that lead to multicellularity
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an increase in size coordinated patterns of growth specialized cells cell to cell communication hormones oogamous sexual reproduction |
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isogamy |
2 mobile gametes of the same size |
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anisogamy |
large egg and small sperm that are both mobile |
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apical meristems alteration of generations walled spores produced by a sporangium multicellular gametangia multicellular and dependent embryos |
Five traits that Plantae has but charophycean lacks |
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non-vascular flagellated sperm no true roots or tissues have hydroids for moving water and nutrients |
traits of bryophytes |
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sporophylls |
spore producing leaves |
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xylem |
moves water typically in one direction from root to shoot |
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phloem |
moves photosynthesis products down from the leaves
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lignin |
an organic polymer in vascular plants and some algae cell walls that produce rigidity and prevent rot |
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cause of carboniferous period |
CO2 was pulled out of the atmosphere by the vast growth of trees which caused the air to cool and dry out causing glacier formation |
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asexual reproduction |
creation of offspring without the fusion of sperm and egg |
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sexual reproduction |
creation of offspring by fusion of a male and female gamete |
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budding reproduction |
another individual "buds" off of another and either detached like in hydra or stays connected like in coral |
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fission |
division of the parent into two or more individuals of about the same size |
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fragmentation |
breaking off of a body part or parts and then that body part develops into another individual like in sea stars |
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parthenogenisis |
development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg like in bees |
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two fold cost of sexual reproduction |
sexual females produce less daughters than the females that are a sexual |
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meiosis cost of sexual reproduction |
meiosis only allows half of an individuals genetic into to be passed down |
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seedless vascular plant life cycle |
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life cycle of bryophytes |
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seed plant reproduction |
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reduced gametophytes separation of male and female function ovules pollen grains seeds |
shared derived traits of seed plants |
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high genetic variation facilitates adaptation speeds up evolution |
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction |
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energy costly courtship uses time and resources sacrifices the fitness of one sex or the other |
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction |
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saves energy courtship is not an issue greatest increase in fitness for each individual |
Advantages of asexual reproduction |
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low energetic variability adaptation to environment is difficult retards evolution |
Disadvantages of asexual reproduction |
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parthenogenesis |
offspring develops from an unfertilized egg |
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hermaphroditism |
individuals that have both male and female reproductive systems |
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sex reversal |
individuals that can change sexes |
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the evolutionary advantage of sexual reversal |
always have more females for maximum reproduction |
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external fertilization |
gametes are released into the environment where they fertilize |
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internal fertilization |
sperm is deposited near the female reproduction tract creating a greater efficiency of conception in dry environments |