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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Deamination of Amino Acids |
Glutamic Acid (a.a.) →NAD, H20→a-Ketoglutaric acid (Carbs)+ NH4+ |
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Catabolism |
Energy Yielding Metabolism |
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Anabolism |
Biosynthetic Metabolism |
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Amphibiotic Metabolism |
Can integrate catabolic at anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency |
Occurs in Kreb's cycle and Glycolysis |
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Glyceradehyde-3-Phosphate precursor for: |
Carbohydrates & Triglycerides |
Amphibolic Metabolism |
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Pyruvic Acid, start point for: |
Gluconeogenesis and Amino Acid Synthesis |
Amphibolic Metabolism |
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Acetyl CoA is condensed into? |
Hydrocarbon chains to form fatty acids Oxaloacetate and a-ketoglularate are involved in synthesis of some amino acids |
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Glycogen Synthesis |
straight Chain is an a-1,4 linkage Branch is a-1,6 linkage |
GlyCogen is stored in liver and muscles |
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Nitrogen Cycle (A LOT of Microbes involved) |
Nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH3 (ammonia)
Nitrification: NH4 → NO2- and NO3- (Nitrifying bacteria: E. Coli)
Ammonification: proteins → ammonia (deaminates)
De nitrification: Ammonia → Nitrates → N2 |
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Photosynthesis |
602+12 H2O + Light Energy → C6 HI2 06 +6 02 + 6 H20 Photons visible light spectrum Chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycobilins Catabolic Reactions to Drive Anabolism |
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Light Reactions |
Splits water & produces 02 as a byproduct
Absorbed light energy produces NADPH & ATP
Electron Transport produces NADPH
H+ flow produces ATP |
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Calvin Cycle (Dark Rxns) 3 phases |
1. Carbon Fixation
2. Energizing C02 (reduction)
3. Regeneration of the C02 acceptor sugar |
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what does the Calvin Cycle use to convert CO2 to sugar? Where does it occur? |
Uses ATP and NADPH
Occurs in stroma (fluid portion of Chloroplast) |
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4 Main Elements/Nutrients Microbes Must Obtain (CHON) |
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
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Microbial Cytoplasm when H20 is removed; is mainly made up of. . . |
50% Proteins (structural & functional molecules) |
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2 Main Recylable Energy sources |
l. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids (Carbon) |
Lipids are hydrocarbons |
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Autotroph (self-energy) |
Self Feeders use CO2 in inorganic form |
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Heterotroph ("Not of self") |
Other-Feeders use Organic carbon in form of carbohydrate or lipids |
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Energy sources for Microbials |
Chemotroph, Phototroph, and Lithotroph |
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Chemotroph |
Use Organic Molecules like C&H which can be found immersed in water in the living system. |
Only certain bacteria , such as methanogens, deep-sea vent bacteria |
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Phototroph |
Use light for energy |
Algae, Plants, Cyanobacteria |
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Lithotroph (Purple Bacteria) |
Use inorganic molecules like H2S |
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Structure and Metabolism of Carbon Compounds of cells are... |
Organic |
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Heterotroph must obtain Carbon in which form? |
Organic Form Nutritionally Dependent on other Living Things) |
Organic - contain C&H |
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What do Autotrophs use as their Carbon source? |
Inorganic CO2 (Not Nutritionally Dependent on other living things |
CO2 is NOT bonded to H which makes it inorganic |
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What 3 things are the primary source of Nitrogen for heterotrophs? |
1. proteins 2. DNA 3. RNA |
amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and have an ammonia group on them that contain Nitrogen. |
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Inorganic Nitrogenous Nutrients like Nitrate are utilized by ... |
Bacteria & Algae |
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Nitrogen Fixation |
Small number of bacteria that can take Usable compounds and transform atmospheric N2 into molecules for Protein, DNA, & RNA |
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What do you need to synthesize amino acids and other nitrogenous bases/compounds (DNA, RNA) |
Nitrogen Sources must be converted to NH3 (ammonia) to combine with Carbon |
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The 4 Major Classes of Organic Compounds |
1. Lipids 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates 4. Nucleic Acids |
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Oxygen Sources |
Major component of organic compounds |
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Oxygen is a common component of ... |
Inorganic salts like Sulfates |
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What percent of the atmosphere is made up of Oxygen |
20% |
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Hydrogen |
A major element in all organic and several inorganic compounds |
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A molecule is organic based on a bond between which two elements? |
H+ and Carbon |
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What two places are H+ ions used as an energy source? |
1. Electron Transport System (Oxidation-Reduction reactions of Respiration) 2. Flagella of Prokaryotes
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What two places are H+ bonds found? |
1. Water molecules 2. DNA zipper that holds 2 strands together
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Are H + bonds weak or strong? |
Weak |
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Maintaining PH with H+ in the cell helps to prevent ... |
Denaturing of proteins |
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The inorganic source of phosphorus |
Phosphate (PO43-) |
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Phosphate is found in what 3 Main places of a cell ? |
1. Glycolysis production of ATP 2. DNA/RNA (nucleic acids key component) 3. Phospholipid Bilayer |
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What gives DNA a negative charge? |
Phosphate |
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Sulfur |
• Widely distributed in mineral form • Essential component of some vitamins • Amino Acids that allow an important disulfide bond |
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Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can be saprophytic? True or False |
True |
Saprobes (fungi & bacteria) eat off dead decaying matter and metabolize their food externally |
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Chemoheterotrophic is aIso known as as a host? True or False |
True |
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Derived nutrients from cells or tissues of a host are caused by a . . . |
Parasite |
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Why can parasites be referred to as Pathogens? |
Parasites are referred to as Pathogens because they cause tissue damage on even death |
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Ectoparasites |
Live on your body (Normal microbiotia) |
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Endoparasites |
Lives in organs & tissues (Normal microbiotia) |
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Intracellular Parasites |
Live within cells |
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Obligate parasites |
Unable to grow outside of living host "viruses" |
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Nutrient Transport requires ... |
a carrier and energy |
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What moves easily through phospholipids bilayer? |
small and non polar molecules move easily in out |
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What type of transport is occurring here? |
Cellular Transport: Diffusion |
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Active Transport requires... |
Energy |
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Diffusion is also known as passive transport. True or False |
True |
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Passive Transport is when molecules move from Low → High concentration. True or False? |
False
Molecules move from high → low concentration |
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What Channels allow molecules to move through the membrane sac? |
Aquaporins |
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Net gradient will favor Osmosis in membrane sac? T or F? |
True |
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What is occurring in this illustration? |
Osmolysis
Will be able to occur due to lack of cell wall |
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What will happen to cell in this illustration? Is the solution hypotonic or hypertonic? |
Crenation of gram- Cells |
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What prokaryote developed a water vacuole as an adaptation of Osmotic Variation |
Amoeba |
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How do Halobacteria make their cells isotonic? |
Halobacteiia absorb salt |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
Transport polar hydrophilic molecules with protein carriers & channels |
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Facilitated Diffusion flows from high → low Concentration
True or False |
True |
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Active Transport requires . . . and moves ......... |
A protein carrier and Requires Energy.
Moves against the gradient. |
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What type of transport is depicted in this illustration? |
Active Transport that uses ATP for energy |
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Endocytosis |
Bulk Particles or Cells are engulfed by process of phagocytosis by WBCs |
Amoeba |
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Pinocytosis |
Liquid enters the cell by process of phagocytosis
ex: dissolved glucose, Na+, Amino Acids |
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Exocytosis |
Package and Release of Substances (proteins) from a cell (golgi apparatus)
ex: insulin → pancreatic cell → blood |
Requires energy of the cell |
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Group Translocation |
An Active Transport that moves molecules across the cell simultaneously as it is converting a useful substance |
composition and location change of a useful substance |
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5 Microbes that thrive in specific temperatures |
1. Psychrophile 2. Psychotroph 3. Thermophile 4. Mesophile 5. Extremethermophile |
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Psychrophile |
• Optimum Temperature below 15°C; capable of growth @ 0°C
• Cannot grow above 20°C |
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Psychrotrophs |
Grow slowly in cold but have an optimum temperature above 20°C |
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Red Snow |
Psychrophile - Algae with red pigment |
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Thermophile |
• Microbe that grows optimally at temperatures greater than 45°C
• Temperature Range from 45°C - 80°C |
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Extremethermophiles |
grow between 80°C and 120°C (Archae) |
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Mesophile |
• Grows @ intermediate temperatures • Optimum growth between 20°C - 40°C • Temperate, Subtropical, and Tropical Regions • Most human pathogens have optima between 30°C - 40°C |
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Aerobes |
Use oxygen and uses/needs enzymes to process oxygen products |
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Obligate Aerobe |
Cannot grow without Oxygen and have enzymes |
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Facultative Anaerobe |
Capable of growth in absence of Oxygen and have enzymes (aerobic respiration) |
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Microaerophile |
Doesn't grow @ normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of metabolism and has enzymes |
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Anaerobes |
• Lack enzymes for using oxygen in respiration |
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Strict or Obligate Anaerobes |
Will die it exposed to Oxygen (clostridium) |
Cloudy @ bottom of test tube |
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Aerotolerant Anaerobes |
Doesn't use Oxygen but can survive and grow to a limited extent in the presence of oxygen |
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Obligate Acidophiles |
Euglena mutabilis - Algae that grows between 0-1.0 pH
Thermoplasma - Archae that lives in hot coals 1.0 -2.0 pH; would lyse if exposed to pH 7 |
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Microbe and Osmotic Pressure |
Most microbes live either under hypotonic (fresh water) or isotonic conditions |
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Osmophiles/Halophiles (halotolerant) |
Live in habitats with high solute concentration
Prefers high concentrations of salt |
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Microbial Associations |
Symbiotic and Nonsymbiotic |
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Symbiotic Organisms |
* Live in close nutritional relationships; required by One or both members
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism |
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Mutualism |
Obligatory, dependent, both members benefit |
protozoan and termites |
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Commensalism |
Satellitism; Commensal benefits; other member isn't harmed (c-diff) |
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Parasitism |
Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed |
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Nonsymbiotic Organisms |
* Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival
• Synergism
• Antagonism |
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Synergism |
• Members cooperate and share nutrients
• Biofilms created (mixed communities of organism that can exist on their own) |
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Antagonism |
• Some members inhibited or destroyed by others
• Some benefit and some destroyed |
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Binary fission |
• Asexual process
. growth pattern is exponential • generation time is 30-60 min and can be as short as 10- 12 min |
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• Rate of population to complete fission cycle is referenced as |
" Generation" or "Doubling Time" |
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Normal Growth Curve Pattern |
• Lag phase • Exponential Growth phase (log phase) • Stationary Growth Phase • Death Phase (some cells remain viable) |
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Growth Patterns in microbial control |
Stages of infection |
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Turbidometry |
Clear nutrient solution becomes turbid as microbes grow in it |
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Genetics |
Study of inheritance • How traits are transmitted • Variations of genes and how they're expressed
• Structure and Function of genes • Gene mutations |
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3 Gene Levels |
1. Organismal 2. Chromosomal 3. Molecular |
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DNA must be able to ... |
• self-replicate when needed • must be accurately duplicated and separated from each daughter cell |
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DNA is independent of Transcription True or False |
True |
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Transcription only makes copies of genetic material when needed True or False? |
True |
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Viruses can self replicate True or False? |
False |
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Genome |
DNA Recipe Book |
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Chromosome |
Chapter in DNA Recipe Book |
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Gene |
• Page or Recipe in DNA Recipe Book |
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Structural Gene |
Codes for Proteins or RNA Molecule |
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Regulatory Genes |
• Involved in controlling possession of genotype (genetic constitution of an individual organism)
• Expression of the phenotype (physical traits that come thru)
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Organisms contain more genes in their genotype than are manifested as |
a phenotype |
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How many genes does a Small Virus have? |
4-5 genes |
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How many genes do Human cell contain? |
25,000 genes |
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Chromosome |
Neatly packed DNA Molecule |
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Eukaryotic chromosomes include |
• DNA & Histone • Nucleus • Vary in # few-hundreds • Diploid or Haploid • Appear Linear |
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Bacterial chromosomes include |
• Condensed and secured by " histone-like" proteins • Single Circular Chromosome |
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DNA consists of what 3 parts |
1. Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar) 2. Phosphate Group 3. Nitrogenous Base * Purines: Adenines, Guanine * Pyrimidines: Thymine, Cytosine e |
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DNA Covalent Backbone |
1 sugar bound to 2 phosphates , 5' to 3' carbon |
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RNA Polymerase |
Enzyme that carries out Transcription |
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RNA Molecule - Nucleotide A-Adenine is complimentary to... G-Guanine is complimentary to ... |
U -Uracil C-Cytosine |
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