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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The smaller you are the_your surface area to body mass ratio, so it requires _energy per gram to maintain normal body temperature
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larger
more |
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What factors affect BMR?
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Age, Gender, Weight, Hormonal status
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What is the BMR?
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Basal metabolic rate, it is the minimum rate of energy production to sustain vital functions in a waking state.
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_has by far the most profound effect on energy expenditure.
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Physical activity
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_ is the Energy requiring processes related to assimilating food (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)
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Obligatory thermogenesis
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Metabolic rate is proportional to what?
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heat production and O2 consumption
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What are the two ways you can measure metabolic rate?
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direct calorimetry, and indirect calorimetry
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__ measures rate of O2 utilization (VO2) which is proportional to energy production and metabolic rate
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Indirect Calorimetry
*in this case, we assume 5 calories of heat is liberate per liter of O2 consumed |
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Phase I of Ventilation is _.
Phase II of Ventilation is _ Phase III of Ventilation is _ |
an abrupt increase in VE at the onset of exercide
gradual increase in VE with increase in workload III: steady state VE. Reached at about 4-5 min. into exercise bout |
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(T/F) Hemoglobin limits VO2 max in healthy individuals
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False
However, Hb can determine max [O2] |
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During high exercise intensity _ reaches a plateau and _alone account for increase in cardiac output
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SV
HR |
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Arterial blood gas values in exercise do not change until the _ threshold is reached. At this point, the increase in ventilation is no longer proportional to workload. There is an _ in ventilation
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lactate
exponential increase |
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Lung surface area decreases about _% per decade
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4
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A decreased diffusion capacity with age is due to what?
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thickening of bronchial mucous layer and increases in distance between alveoli and blood
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What are the three principle energy stores in the body?
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glycogen, protein, lipid
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The liver stores _ - _ g of glycogen, but at most _ g
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75-100 ; 120 or 8% of body wt
This is available for use by the whole body |
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Muscle stores _ - _ g of glycogen, which (can/can not) contribute to blood glucose
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300-400g
can not (Muscles lack G6Pase) |
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Protein stores could provide up to _ days of energy.
Excess protein can be oxidized to CO2 and converted to _ or _ |
10
glycogen or triacylglycerol |
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An average male has enough fat stores to sustain resting metabolism for how long?
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8-9 weeks
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What are the three major organs that handle glucose assimilated by the small intestine?
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liver, muscle, adipocytes
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Liver stores some glucose as _ and converts some to _, for export to the _
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glycogen ; FA (packaged as VLDLs) for export to adipocytes
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Muscle stores some glucose as _ and converts some to _ and _ for export to the _
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glycogen ; lactate and gluconeogenic amino acids for export to the liver.
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Adipocytes convert glucose to __
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glycerol-3-phosphate, a precursor of TAGs.
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There are three mechanisms maintain normoglycemia following carbohydrate ingestion, what are they?
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1) Suppression of hepatic glu production
2)Stimulation of hepatic glu uptake 3) Stimulation of glu uptake by peripheral tissues |
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uptake of glucose in muscle and adipose is regulated via insulin to promote translocation of the _ transporter
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GLUT 4
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The liver can store glucose, or convert it to FAs via _and export them as _ and _
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citrate lyase ; TAGs; VLDLs
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Insulin acts on muscles to :
- increase activity of _ so glu is stored as gly - increase activity of _ so increased glucose oxidation |
glycogen synthase
pyruvate dehydrogenase |
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Adipose tissue has _ which hydrolyses the TAGs in VLDL exported from liver to synthesize and store FA
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lipoprotein lipase
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The brain has a relatively constant uptake of glucose via insulin-(in/dependent) _ across blood-brain barrier.
Neurons take up glucose via what receptor? |
independent GLUT 1
insulin independent GLUT3 |
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The two major organs handle the amino acids assimilated by the small intestine are _ and _.
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Liver (converts gluconeogenic aas to glycogen)
Muscle (converts amino acids to glycogen) |
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The liver removes mostly _ amino acids such as _ and _. Muscle captures predominately _ as such as _..
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gluconeogenic (Alanine and Glutamine)
branch chained (Leu, Iso, Val) |
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Glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle is catalyzed by _, which can be activated in three ways. What are they?
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Glycogen Phosphorylase
1) epinephrine → cAMP → active PKA (GPb → Gpa) 2) GPb allosterically binds AMP (AMP is increased during muscle activity) 3) Ca2+ increases during activity and allosterically activates PK and thereby activates conversion of GPb → Gpa |
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In the liver, Glycogen breakdown predominately under the influence of _. How can glycogen be broken down here?
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glucagon
Glucagon can activate glycogen phosphorylase (via cAMP) Glycogen can be converted to glucose bc the liver has G6P |
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_ and _ hormones stimulate lipolysis
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Epinephrine and Growth
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What are the three energy systems the muscle has during exercise?
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1. ATP and Phosphocreatine, immediate energy source for about 20 sec or less
2. Muscle glycogen for 60-90 sec 3. Oxidation of glucose and FA for 2 min or more |
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ATP store is diminished within _.
ATP-PC system is depleted by _. |
4 sec
15 sec |
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Training results in decreased tissue sensitivity to _during exercise
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insulin
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A person who eats a high fat diet will reach exercise exhaustion after _ hours, whereas a person with a high carbohydrate diet will reach exercise exhaustion after _ hours.
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1.5;
4 |
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Fiber _ is the major mechanism for increases in strength.
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Fiber hypertrophy
(Different than hyperplasia which does not occur often) |
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It's possible to increase _ 30% with in 7-10days of intense aerobic exercise.
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mitochondrial activity
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_ break down bone for release of Ca2+ and phosphate
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Osteoclasts
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In osteoporosis, _ are more active than _.
Estrogen has a suppressive effect on _ |
osteoclasts ; osteoblasts
osteoclasts |
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Hypocalcemia stimulates _. This hormone then acts on Bone to _, on intestines to _, and on the kidney to _.
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PTH secretion
activate osteoclasts, releasing Ca and phosphate into blood, increase Ca absorption from food Promotes Vit D and increases Ca reabsorption |
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Estrogen turns up _ production, which will _.
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OPG production, which will eliminate RANKL.
RANKL is responsible for promoting differentiation of osteoclasts |
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The amount of bone resorption depends on the balance of _ and _
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RANKL and OPG
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Bone requires _.
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Stress
in the absence of weight bearing activity no amount of nutritional or endocrine intervention can or will maintain bone density |