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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 primary functions the family is still responsible for
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1) socialization
2) reproduction (although this can occur outside the institution now) |
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5 reasons why studying family is so difficult
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1) limited knowledge of private lives
2) too many preconceived notions 3) too many commonsense beliefs 4) old wives tales 5) strong personal opinions |
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4 myths of families
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1) harmony (actually volatile)
2) universal traditional nuclear family (this is a Western Model) 3) parental determinism (suggest life is layed out based on family of orientation 4) stable harmonious past (myth that there was a golden age) |
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_/__ of world's societies allow polygamy
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3/4
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7 Biases of the family according to Eichler's research
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1) monolithic bias
2) conservative bias 3) Sexist bias 4) ageist bias 5) microstuctural bias 6) racist bias 7) heterosexist bias |
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monolithic bias
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sees families as having uniform experiences, structures, etc
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conservative bias
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having a romantic view of the nuclear family. It is a preconceived notion
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Sexist bias
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fails to recognize individual experiences within genders, and denies the family experience. It is the smallest unit of analysis within the family
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ageist bias
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fails to look at experiences of others aside from the middle aged family members
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racist bias
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ethnocentric view which devalues different types of people
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heterosexist bias
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thinking it's the only natural unit possible
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fictive kin
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those individuals you give family status too, even if there are no legal/biologic ties
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boys growing up with single mothers have a _____ view about women
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more positive
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during the what is family movie, a bunch of different family types were asked to define family. what was the common theme?
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love
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__/__ would let their career suffer to spend more time with kids
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2/3
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single parent families ...
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not a recent trend
past= widowhood present= divorce/separation |
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Eichler (3)
feminist sociologist |
- its WHAT makes a family, not who
- type of interaction is important, not who is part of it - supports many different kids of families |
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Slater (3)
focus on the family canada (very religious group) |
- wants to save traditional family
- worried Eichler's defnition is too broad and can include anyone - single parenting a disaster - believes society shouldnt promote divorce |
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Glossop (3)
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- Families have always been diverse
- govts should start with a broad/inclusive definition and then narrow it based on the issue - to some extend families have become "privitized" |
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4 basic assumptions within structural functionalism
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1) various structures are interrelated
2) family's role in society is shrinking (partyl cuz family and work are becoming separated) 3) family's function diminished 4) division of labour- stabalizing family order |
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how does structural functionalism believe functions are best fulfilled?
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through role differentiation
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parsons' expressive versus instrumental roles can also be called
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internal versus external affairs
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5 basic assumptions of social exchange theory
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1) people motivated by self-interest
2) world is a marketplace 3) individuals contained by choices 4) humans are rational beings 5) business occurs in families |
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how does business occur in families
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rewards
costs profits multiple reiprocity |
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rewards can be....
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tangible or intangible
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costs can be...
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natural or psychological
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profits can...
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maximize gains or limit lossess
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multual reciprocity can be...
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receiving something equal to that given
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5 critiques of social exchange theory
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1) limited in explainaing fam dynamics
2) focus on individual rather than family needs 3) assumes people behave with self-interest 4) assumens ppl are rational 5) cynical view of human relationships |
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4 assumptions of symbolic interactionism
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1) humans are active social beings
2) meaning is important element of behaviour 3) concerned with inner family workings 4) focus on interpretation of others' actions |
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3 critiques of symbolic interactionism
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1) too subjective
2) ignores impact of society on family 3) doesnt explain society wide changes in families |
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developmental theory
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brings together different schools of thought when talking about stages in life
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4 assumptions of developmental theory
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1) families undergo stages of development
2) there are tasks associated w each stage 3) families must be viewed in multiple levels of analysis 4) families viewed over time |
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3 stages in developmental theory
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1) addition/subtraction of family members (birth, death, leaving home)
2) stages of child development 3) connections to social system (retirement, etc) - this affects macro systems as well as family |
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5 critiques of developmental theoru
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1) most families dont fit prescribed format
2) based on traditional nuclear family 3) fails to recognize diversity 4) treats womens/mens eperiences as similar 5) descriptive rather than predictive |
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even though many feminists are different, what are two things most agree on
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1) North American society is patriarchal
2) it systematically oppresses women |
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what do feminists often discuss?
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reproduction and paid labour
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5 basic assumptions of feminism
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1) women's experiences central to family
2) gender is socially constructed 3) social/historical contexts important 4) family takes many forms 5) objective/unbiased observation not possible |
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maternal feminism (3)
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- strength of reproduction for women
- roles as wives/mothers are source of status - this status is reduced by limited opps for kids (impacted by labor) |
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liberal feminism (3)
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- inequality in opps, rights, education
- need laws and social policies for equality - tangible things |
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Marxist feminism (4)
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-focus on work related issues
- women's work is trivialized and their work in the home is not recognized - capitalism is connected to family - women work double shift |
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radical feminism (3)
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- trying to eradicate male supremacy
- some have suggested separation - see reproductive techs as a good thing (no men needed) |
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socialist feminism (2)
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- combo of marxist and radical
- the combination of patriarchy and capitalism = gender inequality |
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2 feminism critiques
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1) working against traditional family
2) fails to recognize matrix of oppression (doesnt speak for ethnic groups, etc) |
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4 basic assumptions of conflict theory
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1) nature of humans is to be self-oriented
2) confrontations over control of resources exist 3) conflict is inevitable in relationships 4) all members need access to power |
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4 types of power
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1) legitimate authority (head of house, parent, oldest, etc)
2) money (highest earner) 3) physical coercion (spanking child, spousal abuse) 4) love (can be used positively or negatively) |
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2 critiques of conflict theory
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1) fails to show how families contribute to society
2) doesnt explain why norms/values for families change slowly |
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Family systems theory is linked to
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psychotherapy
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4 basic assumptions of family systems theory
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1) whole is greater than sum of parts
2) focus of pathology 3) all members take on roles 4) family systems attempt to reach equilibrium |
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family systems theory sees 3 basic family types
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1) open family
2) random family 3) closed family |
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open family (3)
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-democratic
- interactions w outsiders permitted - consensus/flexibility |
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random family (3)
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- no boundaries/inconsistent
- members disengaged from group - spend little time together and children see that as a lack of love/concern |
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closed family (3)
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- members overly involved
- individuality not permitted - emotional illnesses are a common result |
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4 critiques of family systems theory
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1) too vague for true testing (like a flow chart)
2) asumers all members want family to stay together 3) fails to look @ societal influence 4) overlooks individual experiences |
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society in hunting and gathering (7)
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- undifferentiated (all public)
- small and nomadic - no land ownership - shared economic/leadership - no formal hierarchies - few inequalities - subsistence economy |
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family in hunting and gathering (4)
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- unit of production
- independent members - extensive kinship ties and controls - matrilineal descent |
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marriage in hunting and gathering (5)
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- exogamous (intra-group), which led to shared kin groups
- spousal independence - egalitarian authority - polygamous marraiges - flexible residental choice - divorce easily obtained |
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gender roles in hunting and gathering
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- short life expectancy
- interdependence - sexual freedom - work based on sex/age - reciprocal sheres (both hunting and gathering just as respected) |
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children in hunting and gathering
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- loved
- rased by community - no punishment/fear of parents - informally educated - obedience not taught |
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horticultural era
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was halfway between hunting and gathering and the 1700s
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society in 1700s family
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- agriculture
- public/private differentiation - perment settlements - land ownership - property and posessions - class differences |
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family in 1700s
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- unit of production
- large families - began to isolate - nuclear form emerged - family based economy - patrilineal descent |
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marriage in 1700s
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- married once labour wasnt needed
- endogamous (marry within group) -not individual choice/not love - patriarchal authority - monogamy -neolocal - divorce almost unatainable |
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gender roles in 1700s (women)
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- shorter life expectancy for women and they were dependent/obedient
- emotional/illogical - no decision making - not expected to have sexual feelings - punished for adultry |
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in 1700s, sex was a ____ and a _____
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mans privlege and a womans duty
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gender roles in 1700s (men)
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- superiority enforced through law/religion
- rule of thumb - family was property - adultry accepted |
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Children in 1700s
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- little adults
- corporal punishment -taught obedience - some formalized schooling |
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society in industrial (1900s)
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-major change= employment outside home
- cities developing - family wage economy - social class divisions emerged |
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family in industrial
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- unit of consumption
- breadwinner vs homemaker - fertility rate declined - less self-reliant, more isolated |
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marriage in industrial
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- later age
- family is haven in hostile world - based on romantic love - focus on self-development |
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gender roles industrial (women)
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- identities centred around family
- housework trivialized - responsible for maintaining happiness - worked until marraige then quit - only about 5% of married worked |
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gender roles industrial (men)
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- head of house/authority figure
- wage expected to support family |
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children in industrial
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- parents' love objects
- extended dependency - formal education began - tasks differentiated by sex |
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what were the economic conditions like during golden age
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better than in any time since industrialization
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real wages
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grew during golden age, and working class began making middle class incomes
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example of real wage growth
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in one year of the 50s the real wages grew more than the entire decade of 80s
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during the golden age, less than ___ % thought unmarried people could be happy
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10
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during golden age, a 30 year old man could buy a medium sized home for ___ -___ % of his salary
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15-18
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___ % of men claim they want to share household chores
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84
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the truth of the golden age
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it was the economic climate, NOT the romantic view of the family that lef to pro family sentiments and behaviours
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although it is the golden age, only ____ of couples would want 50's marriages
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20%
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actually ___ % lived in poverty during the 50s
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25
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Betty Freiedan
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- wrote feminine mystique
- looked at female experiences as the problem with no name -kickstarted women;s movement |
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most important influence over family in all situations
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ECONOMICS
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6 functions of the modern family
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1) reproduction/procreation
2) socialization 3) economic 4) provision of a home 5) status 6) belongingness |
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parsons - structural differentiation
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- feels that functions in the past were to socialize good children, but now the family is oursourcing socializaton work to other sources.
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Parsons says only 2 main functions of the family are left
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1) socialization of children
2) stabilization of adult personalities |
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fletcher argues that
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families today have more responsbilitiy than families in the past because they are now a unit of consumption
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privitized nuclear family
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a self-contained, self-reliant and home centred unit that is separated/isolated from its extended kin, neighbours, and local community
- parsons calls this being structurally isolated |
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symmetrical nuclear family
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work distribution is more commonly shared therefore the function of the family is shifting
1) strong bond 2) shared activities |
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reasons for decline in extended family 6
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1) need for geograhical mobility
2) higher rate of social mobility 3) growth in wealth/income 4) meritocracy 5) need to avoid status differences 6) protect family stability |
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what 4 groups are staying connected to extended family
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1) traditional working class
2) asian communities 3) modified extended family 4) Beanpole family |
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beanpole family
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people are living longer so there are multiple generations alive at the same time, but there are fewer people in each generation because not as many kids
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___ has a substantial affect ion imporoving child development
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eating dinner together
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__/__ children have a TV in their rooms, and ___% were preschoolers
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1/3, 20
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Generation M and Tv
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kids 8-18 watch about 6 hours a day
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these kids spend more time a day watching tv than ___
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any other activity, even school...
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__% of american families watch TV during dinner
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60
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at age 9, about __ % of kids are in sports, but by age 13, only __ % are
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80,20
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___ or more hours of TV a week starts to negatively affect academics
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10
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a kid born today will spend ____ years in front of a screen
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10
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evidence that facebook is used in ____ of divorce cases in USA
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20
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__ % of lawyers noticed an increase in social media as evidence
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80
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Mother's employment is
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increasing rapidly compared to other groups of women. especially ones with children under 6
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culturally induced stress
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our culture says women can play roles of mother, wife, employee etc at the same time
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children impact women's schedules ____, and impact mens ____
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greatly, hardly at all
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fathers employment has
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fallen slightly over the year (in terms of number of men working
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trends in mens working
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used to work from 18-65, but now they work 25-55 and work MORE hours in a day
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fathers are more likely to _____ and _____ than men without kids
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be employed, work longer hours
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largest group of households
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fulltime earner and a part time earner
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smallest group
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2 full time earners
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1/3 are
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single breadwinners plus full time homemaker
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however, when asked, most people believe ____
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the larges group is two full time earners
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