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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Kinetic particle theory |
All matter is made up of tiny particles and these particles are in constant motion. |
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Diffusion |
The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
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Pure substance |
Made up one single element or compound. It is not mixed with any other substances. |
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Filtration
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Used to separate insoluble particles from a liquid. |
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Evaporation to dryness |
Used to obtain a soluble solid from a solution by heating the solution until all the water has boiled off. |
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Crystallisation |
Used for obtaining a pure solid sample from its solution. |
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Sublimation |
Used to separate a solid that sublimes from one that does not. |
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Magnet |
Used to separate a magnetic substance from a non-magnetic substance. |
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Simple distillation |
Used to separate a pure solvent from a solution. |
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Separating funnel |
Used to separate immiscible liquids. |
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Fractional distillation |
Used to separate a mixture of miscible liquids with different boiling points. |
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Chromatography |
The method of separating two or more components that dissolve in the same solvent. |
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Element |
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. |
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Atoms |
The smallest particles of an element that have the chemical properties of that element. |
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Molecule |
A group of two or more atoms that are chemically combined. |
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Compound |
A pore substance containing two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio. |
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Mixture |
Made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. |
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Proton number |
Refers to the number of protons in the atom |
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Nucleon number |
The total number of protons and neutrons in the atom. |
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Isotopes
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Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons. |
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Ionic bonds |
The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive and negative ions. |
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Covalent bond |
A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms. |
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Metallic bond |
The force of attraction between positive metal ions and the 'sea of mobile electrons'. |
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Relative atomic mass |
The average mass of one atom of that element compared to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom. |
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Relative molecular mass |
The average mass of one molecule of that element or compound compared to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom. |
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Avogadro's constant |
6 x 10^23 |
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Concentration |
The amount of sole dissolved in a unit volume of the solution. |
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Acid |
A substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solution. |
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Base |
Any metal oxide or hydroxide that reacts with an acid to produce a salt and water. |
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Alkali |
A substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH-, in aqueous solution. |
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Alloy |
A mixture of a metal with one or a few other elements. |
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Electrolysis |
The process of using electricity to break down or decompose a compound. |
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Electroplating |
The process of depositing a layer of metal on another substance using electrolysis. |
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Exothermic reaction |
A reaction in which heat is given out to the surroundings.
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Endothermic reaction
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A reaction in which heat is absorbed from the surroundings. |
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Enthalpy change (∆H) |
Represents the difference in energy content of the reactants and products. |
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Activation energy |
The minimum amount of energy that reactant particles must possess n order for a chemical reaction to occur. |
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Catalyst |
A substance which increases the speed of a chemical reaction and remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. They provide an alternative pathway and lower activation energy. |
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Air pollution |
The condition in which air contains a high concentration of chemicals that may harm living things of damage non-living things. |
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Acid rain |
Formed when acidic air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react with water in the atmosphere. |
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Chlorofluorocarbons |
Compounds containing the elements carbon, fluorine and chlorine. |
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Carbon cycle |
The mechanisms that maintains the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. |
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Global warming |
The increase in the Earth' average temperature due to the build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. |
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Homologous seres |
A family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties. |
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Functional group |
An atom or group that gives a molecule is characteristic properties. |
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Petroleum |
A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons (mainly alkanes). |
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Alkanes |
Homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain only C-C single covalent bonds. |
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Alkenes |
Homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain one or more C=C double bonds. |
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Cracking |
The breaking down of long chain hydrocarbons into smaller molecules. |
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Alcohols |
A homologous series of organic compounds which contains the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. |
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Carboxylic acids |
A homologous series of organic aide which have the carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. |