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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensory reception |
The CNS interprets the nature of sensory information entirely on the basis of the area of the brain stimulated. |
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The conscious awareness of a sensation is called |
perception |
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The fading of a dominant odor some time after one enters a room is an example of experiencing |
sensory adaptation |
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Nociceptor |
sensitive to pain; have large receptive fields |
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The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called |
referred pain |
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Temperature sensations are relayed |
along the same pathways that carry sensations of pain. |
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Mechanoreceptors respond |
mechanical pressure or distortion |
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Baroreceptors respond to |
changes in blood pressure |
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Baroreceptors are found |
major blood vessels, lungs, digestive, and urinary tracts |
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Proprioceptors respond to |
position, tension in tendons and ligaments, state of muscle contraction |
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Proprioceptors examples |
Sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints; the Golgi tendon organs |
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proprioceptors ----------to constant stimulation |
do not adapt |
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Chemoreceptors respond to |
chemical stimuli |
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Chemoreceptors example |
Olfactory receptors |
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Neurons in the respiratory centers of the brain that respond to pH are examples of |
Chemoreceptors |
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Within the olfactory epithelium, which of the following are regenerative stem cells |
Olfactory epithelium |
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Olfactory glands- |
produce a pigmented mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium |
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Olfactory receptor cells |
highly modified neurons; with chemical receptors called odorant-binding proteins on the cilia |
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------------ is the only sense that is NOT routed through the thalamus. |
Olfaction |
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Olfaction is routed through |
the limbic system and the hypothalamus |
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taste receptors are |
specialized epithelial cells |
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Primary taste sensations 4 main (2 minor) |
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, Minor are umami and water. |
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Humans are most sensitive to ------- taste |
bitter |
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Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves |
VII, IX, and X |
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The mechanism of gustatory reception vs. that of olfactory receptors? |
seems to parallel |
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lacrimal caruncle |
A soft mass that is located at the medial canthus and contains glands that produce thick secretions |
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sebaceous glands in the eye that can become infected |
sty |
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lacrimal gland amount and function |
have a dozen or more ducts secretes the tears and is superior and lateral to the eyeball |
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Inferior rectus |
is responsible for the eye looking down |
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Medial rectus |
moves the eye toward the nose |
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Superior rectus |
moves the eye upward |
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Lateral rectus |
abducens nerve innervates the lateral rectus
function is to bring the pupil away from the midline of the body |
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Inferior oblique |
responsible for enabling the eye to roll, look up, and look laterally |
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Superior oblique |
makes the eye look down and laterally |
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The fibrous layer of the eye consists of the ------ and the -----. |
sclera and the cornea |
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sclera |
white of the eye |
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cornea |
transparent anterior portion of the fibrous layer of the eye |
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Vascular Layer |
intermediate; structure of the eye contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. |
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iris |
portion of the eye that contains blood vessels, pigment cells, loose connective tissue, and intrinsic muscle fibers is the iris |
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The photoreceptors of the retina are called |
rods and cones |
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fovea centralis |
small, central pit composed of closely packed cones. It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina |
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The highest concentration of cones is in |
fovea centralis |
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There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to a different color wavelength of light |
red, blue, and green |
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blind spot in the retina occurs at the |
optic disc (where the nerve cells exit the eye) |
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where there are no photoreceptors on the retina |
blind spot |
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anterior chamber of the eye |
space between the iris and the cornea |
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posterior chamber of the eye |
pace between the suspensory ligaments and the iris ---vitreous humor is found here |
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vitreous humor |
helps to stabilize the eye shape |
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focuses the visual image on the photoreceptors by changing shape |
Lens |
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shape of the lens is controlled by the |
suspensory ligaments |
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When viewing an object in close distance, the lens should be ---------- |
more rounded |
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---------- helps to pull the lens into a more rounded shape |
ciliary muscle |
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hyperopia |
farsightedness ---
can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close |
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myopia |
nearsighted--
can see close objects more clearly than those that are far |
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most common form of color blindness |
red-green |
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Photoreceptors made of compound |
rhodopsin that contains opsin and retinal (derived from vitamin A) |
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In the visual pathway, each cerebral hemisphere receives visual information from |
the lateral half of the retina on the same side, and from the medial half of the retina on the opposite side |
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Sound energy is converted into mechanical movements by |
tympanic membrane |
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cavity is filled with air in the ear |
tympanic cavity |
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smallest bones in the ear |
malleus, incus, stapes |
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connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) |
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The branch of the cranial nerve that is responsible for monitoring changes in equilibrium |
vestibular branch |
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hearing |
frequency of a sound is indicated to the nervous system by the region of the basilar membrane of the spiral organ that is stimulated |
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spiral organ of corti located in |
cochlear duct on basilar membrane |
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Hair cell stereocilia project into tectorial membrane, attached to wall of cochlear duct |
spiral organ of corti |
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Conduction deafness results from |
conditions in the middle ear that block the normal transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
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Bipolar cells connect photoreceptors to |
ganglion cells |