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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
phenotype
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visible apparent charateristics
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genotype
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genetic appearance
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heritability index
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estimate to which a particular behavior can be attributed to genes. intelligence ranges from 0.3-0.7, ~50% comes from genes
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critical period
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limited time span during which an organ is biologically prepared to acquire certain characteristics
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ethology
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born with certain genetic predispositions (diathesis)
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Lorenz
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studied birds and imprinting
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Harlow
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studied monkeys and attachment. dealt with hypothalamus and the amygdala
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Bowlby
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attachment style
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Ainsworth
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if lose security become insecure, anxious, feel detachment, protest, feel despair
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abusive relationships
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more abusive, more attached the victim becomes
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Downs syndrome
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trisomy 21, 21st chromosomal pair has an extra chromosome. genetic disorder
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Klienfelters syndrome
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XYX males
men have no 2ndary sex characteristics (sperm, hair growth) |
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Turners syndrome
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XXX females
deficits in spatial orientation no 2ndary sex characteristics (menstruation) |
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XXY
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large stature, more represented in prisons, stupid criminals
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germinal period
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conception --> implantation
(8-10 days) |
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embryonic period
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end of 2nd week --> end of 8th week
most important period most susceptible to teratogens (drugs, toxins, disease) 3rd -5th week heart develops 5th - 8th week limbs grow |
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fetal period
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9th week-birth
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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growth retardation, widely spaced eyes, short eyelid openings, microcephaly, irritability, hyperactivity
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fetuses exposed to heroin or meth
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low birth weight, prematurity, physical malformations, infant mortality
51A filed if a child is born addicted to drugs, will be removed from parent |
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fetuses exposed to smoking
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spontaneous abortions, low birth weight, increased risk of infant mortality, irritability, decreased school achievement, hyperactivity
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fetal exposure to rubella
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between 4th and 8th week will get heart defects, cataracts, deafness, GI anomolies, retardation, 15% death rate after birth
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fetus severely malnourished
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spontaneous abortions, malformations,in 3rd trimester can have adverse effects on the CNS
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fetal exposure to emotional stress
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increased level of complications, low birth weight, cleft palate, spontaneous abortions
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SIDS
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connected to a genetic marker
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Apgar tests
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reflex tests for newborns to ensure nervous system ok. results can be affected by medications at birth.
includes suckling reflex |
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tonic neck reflex
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(now replaced) gently move neck from side to side, watch movement of hands
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Palmer grasp
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(now replaced) baby grasps your hands in their palm
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Babinski test
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(now replaced) touch bottom of foot, baby kicks leg and separates out its toes. Reflex in adults after trauma indicates brain damage
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Moro test
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allow baby's head to drop slightly, baby arches back and extends legs
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Developmental trends
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cephalo-caudal
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proximal-distal
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motor developmental growth
1) motor control of head develops first, followed by arms, trunk, then legs 2) motor function proceeds from center of body outwards |
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secular trends
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infants reach motor milestones earlier than 50 years ago. they are taller, weigh more, enter puberty sooner. due to better nutrition, better child rearing practices, early development programs
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Physical developmental milestones 1
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ability to hold head erect
and steady (7 wks, 3wks-4mos) |
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Physical developmental milestones 2
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grasping a cube
3 mos and 3 wks |
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Physical developmental milestones 3
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rolling from back to side
(involves lots of tonic neck reflex) 4.5 mos (2-7 mos) |
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Physical developmental milestones 4
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sitting alone w/ good coordination
7 mos (5-9 mos) |
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Physical developmental milestones 5
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crawling
7 mos (5-11 mos) |
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Physical developmental milestones 6
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pulling to a stand
8 mos (5-12 mos) |
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Physical developmental milestones 7
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play patty cake
9 mos & 3 wks (7-15 mos) |
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Physical developmental milestones 8
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object permanance
6 mos+ |
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Physical developmental milestones 9
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standing alone
ll mos (9-16 mos) |
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Physical developmental milestones 10
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walking alone
11 mos 3 wks (9-17 mos) |
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child disentigrative disorder
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stop development after 2 years
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schema
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mental representations about an important aspect in the world based on experiences, organized way of thinking
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Piaget
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naturalistic observation of cognitive development. trained as a biologist, did field research. cog development occurs via adaptation, schemas, it is invariable
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adaptation
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occurs because of assimilation and accomodation
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sensory motor stage
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birth->2years
object info motor activity (grasping) achieve object permanance engage in imitation and play |
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pre-operational
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2-7 years
increase in symbolic activity strides in language, make believe play limited by 1) egocentrism - unaware of points of view different than their own 2) anamistic thinking - belief that objects have life-like thinking and intentions 3) inability to conserve - precursor to concrete thinking centration - focus on 1 detail and neglect others irreversibility |
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concrete-operational
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7-11 years
kids develop reversability and decentration can only deal with concrete and logical tangible information ability to manipulate and transform information concepts of distance, time,and speed transivity - mentally sorting and classifying objects convergent and divergent |
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"horizontal decolage"
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conservation goes in sequential order: number, length, liquid, mass, area, weight, volume
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Formal operations
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11-15 years
incl hypothetic deductive and propositional thought spend time constructing grand and philosophical ideas based on limited life experience. Piaget says everyone reaches this Arlin (1975) says 50% reach this. Lorten (1984) says many use this only in areas of expertise\experience |
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formal operational egocentrism
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optimistic, yet unsophisticated and naieve - Piaget
rigid insistance world can be a better place through the implementation of grand idealistic schemes and plans |
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propositional theory
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the ability to focus on verbal assertions and evaluate their logical validity without real world references
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Imaginary audience
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Elkin (1981)
belief that others are as concerned with and critical of adolescent's behavior as they are of themselves |
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Personal fable
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belief that one's ideas and feelings are so unique that no one else can experience anything like them
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heteronomous thinking
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moral realism
Piaget said 5-10 year olds show great respect for rules, believe them to be rigid |
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autonomous thinking
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after age 10, kids begin to question authority, rules are no longer fixed, attentionality
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Preconventional (kohlberg cog devol stages)
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stage 1: deferring to authority, punishment & obedience
stage 2: satisfying one's own needs, preconventional moralism |
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conventional (gilligan)
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stage 3 (female): seeking approval of others, the morality of interpersonal importance-care ethic
stage 4 (males): doing one's duty, obeying societal laws, justice ethic |
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post-conventional
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stage 5: upholding laws that are democratically determined and fair, laws can be changed for valid reasons
stage 6: universal ethical principle, preserving human dignity. right action chosen by using self-created ethical principles |
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Lewin's formula
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behavior = f(P,E)
1-6 listen to everything adults say 6-8 begin to question authority 8-11 "crazy years" transition from child to adulthood 12+ maturity |
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topics of social psych
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diad
leadership/influence group/peer pressure concert/mob scene |
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"conflicts" of social psych
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approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance approach-avoidance |
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zigarnik effect
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people remember incompleted tasks more than completed ones
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self-concept theory (perception)
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Bem
if weak internal cues or difficult to interpret cues - then infer feelings and thoughts by observing our behaviors and situation |
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emotional arousal experiment
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schachter and singer (1962)
epinephrine and vitamin shot waiting room observation |
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deci & green & leper
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give someone a reward for something they are already doing will give the person less interest in the activity
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Festinger
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our self concept is influenced by other people
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attribution theory
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fundamental attribution error - overestimate role of personal factors in others, underestimate impact of a situation on us
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self-serving bias
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project our own self esteem
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