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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nucleotide
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nitrogenous base, pentose, phosphate group
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Adenine, Guanine
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Purines
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Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
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Pyrimidines
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Nucleoside
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Nitrogenous base, ribose/deoxyribose sugar
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A=?
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T
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C=?
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G
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Backbone of DNA strand
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Sugar-phosphate linked through phosphodiester bonds
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Nitrogenous bases connected by?
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H-bonds
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3 types of RNA
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Messenger, transfer, ribosome
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mRNA?
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Carries info as a sequence of codons for synthesis of proteins
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tRNA?
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Functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific a-acids and recognizing codons
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rRNA?
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Forms structure of ribosomes with proteins
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What links free nucleotides to form a new strand of DNA?
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DNA polymerase
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What end are the nucleotides added and why?
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3', has free OH group
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DNA pieces linked by what?
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DNA ligase
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Promoter
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Site where transcription begins
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Regulatory sequence
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Site binding to regulatory protein controls whether gene is turned on or off
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Transcribed region
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Region of DNA transcribed into RNA
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Terminator
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Sequence that causes RNA strand to be released from transcription complex
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Transcription
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DNA to RNA
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Promoter region has?
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TATA box
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Transcription ends at termination site with what?
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AAUAAA
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Transcripts are what?
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RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
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Where does transcription take place for pro and eu?
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Cytoplasm, nucleus
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Initiation of transcription for pro and eu?
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Single sigma factor, 5 general transcriptional factors
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Polymerase for pro and eu?
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Single, three types (II, I and III)
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Exon
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Coding portion of gene
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Intron
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Non-coding portion of gene
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RNA splicing
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Removal of introns and joining of exons in eu RNA, forming mRNA molecule with continuous coding sequence
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mRNA splicing occurs where?
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Spliceosome
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tRNAs and rRNAs self-splicing by?
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Ribozyme
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Biological functions of introns
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Produces different proteins, may contribute to genetic diversity/gene expression
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Capping
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7-methyguanosine attacked at 5'
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Tailing
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poly A tail added at 3'
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Flanking sequences
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Capping and tailing; could regulate stability of mRNA, facilitate export of mRNA, help ribosomes attach to 5'
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Start codon?
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ATG
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Translation takes place in pro and eu?
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Cytoplasm
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Translation requires?
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Amino acids, ATP, Enzymes and proteins, RNAs, ribosomes
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Constitutive genes?
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Always active
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Inducible genes?
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Only expressed when required
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Operon
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Genetic unit of transcription, consisting of several structual genes that are transcribed together
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Promoter
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Initial binding site for RNA polymerase (part of an operon)
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Operator
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Part of operon that acts as binding site for regulatory proteins
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Repressor
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Binds to operator to prevent transcription
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Activator
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Increases rate of transcription
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Eukaryotic promoter contains
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Transcriptional start site, TATA box, regulatory elements
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Enhancer
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Sequence of eukaryotic DNA that binds regulatory proteins that stimulates a specific promoter
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Silencer
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Sequence of eukaryotic DNA that binds regulatory proteins that inhibit transcription
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Regulatory elements located where?
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50-100 base pairs upstream from start site
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Initiation of gene transcription requires?
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RNA polymerase, general transcription factors (5 proteins), mediator
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Create more DNA?
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PCR - polymerase chain reaction
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