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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Seawater salinity is measured in?
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Parts per thousand
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This color diffuses in the top 1 meter of the water column?
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Red
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Salinity Temperature Density diagrams are used for?
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Identifying water masses
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What is the most common ion dissolved in seawater?
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Cl
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Which of the following is the best depiction of the geometry of the water molecule?
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The one with the H's on the bottom and located on the exterior
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Which of the following best illustrates the geometry of water molecules in ice?
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Connected
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Which of the following depicts water in the gas state?
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Not Connected
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a weak chemical bond that forms between dipolar molecules such as water molecules, and that greatly influences the physical and chemical properties of the substance
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hydrogen bonding
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The density of water is greatest at what temperature?
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4 C
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The surface tension of water ______ with increasing temperature.
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decreases
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Hot water is better for cleaning because?
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Doesn't clog pores as water's surface tension is reduced with heat
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Bugs would prefer to walk on?
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Cooler water
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This instrument is used for determining water color and clarity?
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Secchi Disk
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A Secchi Disk is used for?
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Determining water color and clarity
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The depth to which light can penetrate for photosynthesis is called the?
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photic zone
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The anoxic zone corresponds to?
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The mesophotic zone, nutrient maximum, zone of bacterial decay, and the thermocline
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Beading happens in water, as illustrated, due to its high?
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surface tension
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Depicts the thermocline for spring?
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Straight line going down
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Depicts the thermocline for winter?
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Straight line going down
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Anaerobic bacteria are those which need no?
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oxygen
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The horizontal movement of a fluid is termed?
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advection
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The SOFAR channel is a channel of minimum?
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sound velocity
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The hydrologic cycle is driven by?
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Solar heat
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Most of the water in the hydrosphere is in?
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the oceans
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Water is considered a climate ameliorator because?
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It has high heat capacity
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Having high heat capacity means that water?
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requires more energy than most other materials to heat itself by one degree Celsius
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Water is very cohesive because?
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It has a dipolar molecular structure
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Pure distilled water is?
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a poor conductor of electricity
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Equatorial currents are driven by the?
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Trade winds
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Which of the following is true for a western boundary current?
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Narrow, deep, and swift
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Which of the following is true for an eastern boundary current?
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Broad and slow
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Surface ocean circulation is driven primarily by _________ and modified by ____________.
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Wind, the Coriolis effect and land
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Geostrophic circulation is driven by?
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Gravity
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Westward intensification causes?
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1. Very swift western boundary currents
2. A steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compared to the eastern section of the gyre 3. The center of the gyre to be shifted to the west 4. Equatorial countercurrents |
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A system of four currents completing a flow circuit around the periphery of an ocean basin is collectively called:
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a gyre
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The Earth's rotation influences currents by a force [or acceleration, to be correct] known as:
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Coriolis effect
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Currents tend to move in great ___________ patterns in the northern hemisphere.
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clockwise
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Great Britain's weather is _________ than would be expected at that latitude because of the influence of surface currents.
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warmer and wetter
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San Francisco's characteristic cold and foggy weather is caused by a?
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cold eastern boundary current
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Malaysia, like other southwest Pacific islands, has an unusually warm and wet climate because?
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there is the west Pacific warm pool nearby
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The greatest residence time for deep water is found in the?
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Pacific Ocean
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Essentially all of the deep water masses found in all ocean basins originate in the _________ Ocean.
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Atlantic
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Large-scale sinking of high-latitude water that replenishes the oxygen supply to the deep ocean is?
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initiated in the subpolar regions of all oceans
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The formation of North Atlantic Deep Water is initiated by the sinking of surface water in the?
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off the coast of Iceland
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The largest of all ocean currents is the?
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Antarctic Circumpolar Current
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The water mass directly underlying the Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic is the?
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North Atlantic Deep Water
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The laminar flow of the Ekman Spiral produces an Ekman Transport that is theoretically?
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in a direction at right angles to the wind direction
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Large rotating masses of surface water that dominate the major ocean basins are?
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subtropical gyres
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The primary factor producing westward intensification of flow in the subtropical gyres is latitudinal differences in?
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strength of the Coriolis effect
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In the Northern Hemisphere, surface currents flow in a direction that is?
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such that downslope is to the right of the direction of current flow
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The best development of an equatorial counter-current is found?
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in the Pacific Ocean
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The "greenhouse gas" that makes the greatest contribution to greenhouse effect is?
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carbon dioxide
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It is clear that ___________ the cause of the 0.5C average Earth temperature increase over the past 100 years.
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greenhouse warming is
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The Coriolis Effect is?
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caused by changes in Earth's rotation rate with latitude
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The primary factor affecting the amount of Coriolis deflection of a moving mass is the?
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latitude of the moving mass
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Submarine canyons are found primarily on the?
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continental slope
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Submarine canyons are more closely spaced on?
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steeper slopes
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Turbidity currents are thought to erode?
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submarine canyons
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Sediment particles eroded from continental rocks are called?
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terrigenous
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The concentration of the metal ____ in manganese nodules usually exceeds 2% by weight.
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iron
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Calcium Carbonate is most likely to precipitate from ocean water in?
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tropical surface waters
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Tiny iron spherules found in marine sediment are examples of?
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cosmogenous sediment
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Glacial deposits are?
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poorly sorted
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Oceanic sediments that contain more than 30% biogenous particles by weight are?
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oozes
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The depth as which the ocean dissolves all the calcite particles falling from above is?
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the carbonate compensation depth
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Manganese nodules form only where?
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sediment accumulates at rates of less than 7 mm/kyr
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The ocean basin with the highest percentage of abyssal clay coverage is the?
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North Pacific
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99% of the biogenous and lithogenous particles that fall to the ocean floor do so as?
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components of fecal pellets
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The dominant sediment accumulating on ocean ridges and rises is?
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calcium carbonate ooze
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The dominant component of calcareous biogenous sediment is the shells of?
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Coccolithophores, Foraminifers, and Pteropods
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Radiolarian oozes are found in equatorial regions beneath waters of high biological production associated with?
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upwelling
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Diatom oozes are best developed beneath _____________ waters.
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high latitude
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Abyssal clays are commonly found on?
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floors of the deepest ocean basins
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Potential sources for metals in manganese nodules include all of the following except?
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decay of organic matter
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The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is?
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A continental shelf, an abyssal plain far from a continent, near the crest of a mid-ocean ridge, and in the Atlantic Ocean basin
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All of the following are lithogenous sediments except?
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diatom ooze
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Biogenous sediments may be composed of all of the following except?
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quartz
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When calcite coats sand grains or shell fragments in concentric layers, they form?
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ooids
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Sediments found on continental margins are called?
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neritic
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The major force bringing continental sediments to the deep sea is?
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turbidity currents
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A pelagic clay must contain lots of material which has to settle to the seafloor through the water column and?
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less than 30% biogenous material
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A very important way of increasing the settling rate of fine particles [like coccoliths] in the open ocean is via?
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fecal pellets
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Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?
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lots of carbon dioxide and cold
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It takes as much energy to erode clays as it does to erode?
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gravel
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Neritic deposits characteristically?
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Form at the margins of continents
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Marine snow is?
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calcareous ooze
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The magnetic pattern on the sea floor?
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Is created by lava emerging at deep sea trenches, is symmetrical about and parallel to mid-ocean ridges, and confirms the hypothesis of continental drift
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Which statement best describes the primary reason that the continental drift hypothesis was initially rejected?
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Wegener's mechanism was rejected by geophysicists
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The seafloor?
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increases in age from the ridge outward
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Continental crust is primarily made up of?
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granite
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Oceanic crust is primarily made of?
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basalt
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Continental crust is __________ when compared to oceanic crust.
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thicker and less dense
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Differences in height between continental crust and oceanic crust are explained by?
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isostasy
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At mid-ocean ridges, crust is being _______. ___________ can be found there.
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Created; Massive magma chambers
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Which of the following is true about the asthenosphere?
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Composed only of mantle material
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Heat flow measurements indicate that convection cells must?
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Rise below ridges and sink below trenches
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Oceans become deeper moving away from ridges due to?
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Thermal contraction of the hot asthenosphere
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Which is true of hot spots?
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Responsible for the formation of the Hawaiian Island Chain and some are found below continental masses
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Mid-Ocean Ridge basalts originate __________, while hot spot basalts originate _____________.
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In the upper mantle; near the core-mantle boundary
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Which can be found at divergent plate margins?
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Crest of a mid-ocean ridge and offset of a mid-ocean ridge
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Which of the following can be found at convergent plate margins on the seafloor?
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deep focus earthquakes
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The sharp bend in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chains indicates that?
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The Pacific Plate shifted directions long ago
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Old lithosphere is destroyed in association with which one of the following?
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deep sea trenches
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New lithosphere is produced with which one of the following?
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mid-ocean ridges
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Transform faults are ___________ mid-ocean ridges
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perpendicular to
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Which ocean is currently getting smaller in size?
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Pacific
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The asthenosphere is located?
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in the upper mantle
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In the plate tectonics model, Earth's outer shell consists of about __ individual plates
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20
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Most of the world's deep ocean trenches are located within the?
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Pacific Ocean
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One of the following is an important, fundamental assumption underlying the plate tectonic theory. Which is it?
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Earth's diameter has been essentially constant over time
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Lithosphere plates are bounded by?
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Spreading ridges, earthquake zones, subduction zones, and transform faults
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The results of an experiment would not be considered scientifically sound if?
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they were not repeatable
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Scientific facts are based on?
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observations and results based on repeated testing of hypotheses
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Mirror image patterns of variation in the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field on the opposite flanks of spreading centers support the theory of sea-floor spreading and are the result of?
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reversals in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field
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No oceanic crust older than ___ million years has been discovered.
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180
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