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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Agglomeration |
Dense concentration of people and activities, high levels of interaction and networking |
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Key urban characteristics (3) |
Proximity, density, diversity |
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Urbanization |
Metro areas growing larger than rural |
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Deurbanization |
Shift of population growth to rural areas |
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Urban heirarchy |
City rank based on size and functions |
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Metropolitization |
City cores growing faster than smaller urban areas |
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Suburbanization |
Shift of population to metropolitan peripheries |
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Measuring urban places: population |
Minimum size of settlement or agglomeration, minimum density |
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Measuring urban places: economic-base |
Minimum proportion of labor base in non-agricultural occupations. Basic (city forming) and non-basic (city serving) |
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Measuring urban places: administrative |
Legal or administrative criteria extent of a city |
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Measuring urban places: functional |
Reflects real extent of urban influence |
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Discipline of urban geography is(3)? |
Descriptive, interpretive, explanatory |
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Approaches to urban geography (5) |
Environmentalism, Positivism, Behavioural and Humanistic, Structuralism, Postmodernism |
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Approach to urban geo: Environmentalism |
Nature dictates city growth |
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Approach to urban geo: Positivism |
Scientific laws produce observable patterns of urban activity or form on the ground
Ecological: human behaviour based on ecological principles, more powerful groups obtain most advantageous places
Neo-classical: driven by rationality, cost-minimization or benefits-maximization |
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Approach to urban geo: Behavioural and Humanistic |
How human decision-making shapes geography
Techniques drawn from humanities such as art, film, writing, paintings, etc. |
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Approach to urban geo: Structuralism |
City forming based on social, political, and economical structures (emphasis on class) |
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Approach to urban geo: Postmodernism |
Interpretation of urban geography is relative due to culture, race, gender, biases. Rejects notion that one perspective is universal. Resulted in more expressive and symbolic architecture. |
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Burgess Model |
Housing quality increases with distance from the inner city. The land in city used for commercial purposes |
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Hoyt Model |
Sectors develop along important route ways around a CBD, while certain land uses, such as high class residential and industry, deter each other |
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Key factors in city growth (2)? |
Social surplus: production of basic goods over and above what is required for sustenance
Agglomeration: dense concentration of people and activities
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What causes social surplus? |
New technology, environmental change, changes in social organization, increase in workforce |
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Why do some settlements grow larger? |
Agglomeration economies Localization: similar firms locating in close proximity Urbanization: locating in areas with infrastructure, information, economies of scale, resources, etc. |
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Agglomeration diseconomies |
Traffic congestion, IT gridlock, pollution, waste disposal issues, social immobility, broadband, etc. |
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What was the largest ancient city? |
Rome |
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What is the grid iron road pattern? |
Two main cross streets. N-S, E-W structure |
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What happened to cities after fall of Roman Empire? |
Disruption of social interaction, increased isolation, decrease in spatial interaction |
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Bochert N. Amer Phase 1 |
1790-1830 Frontier Mercantillism Atlantic coast areas for trade and export, commercial centers, little industry, "walking" cities |
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Bochert N. Amer Phase 2 |
1830-1870 Early Industrial Capitalism Steam technology encouraged trade, inland cities emerge, internal structure of cities changed, CBD emerge and distinct waterfront districts, carriage suburbs |
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Bochert N. Amer Phase 3 |
1870-1930 National Industrial Capitalism Continent fully urbanized, railroad completion, new centers emerge, greater specialization of cities, segregated land use |
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Bochert N. Amer Phase 4 |
1935-Present Mature Industrial Capitalism Deconcentration, suburbanization, rail hubs replaced by automobile and air planes, emergence of megalopolis |
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What is an urban system? |
Set of geographically bounded cities sharing similar attributes that interact with each other more than cities outside the system |
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System linkages (3) |
Dependency, competition, transportation |
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Geographic scale |
Regional, national, international |
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Functional types of urban systems (3) |
Production, consumer, specialized |
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Evolution of urban systems (2) |
Classic: social surplus, begin trade with other cities, creates a trading network, leads to agglomeration
Colonial: external power driving urbanization speed, moves towards land interior to exploit raw materials, eventually resembles classic system |
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Linear settlement |
Settlement of group formed in a long line following transport routes such as a river or highway. Some form due to physical restrictions such as mountains or valleys. |
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Clustered settlement |
Buildings cluster around central church or public place. Cluster around areas of power or resource. Form around intersection of transport routes |
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Hierarchical settlement |
Geometric shapes (hexagonal) to show urbanization. assumes that central places are distributed over a uniform plane of constant population density and purchasing power. Movement across the plane is uniformly easy in any direction, transportation costs vary linearly, and consumers act rationally to minimize transportation costs by visiting the nearest location offering the desired good or service. |
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Factors of population size (6) |
Density of population and activity, land values and housing prices, traffic congestion, levels of social diversity, air pollution, levels of amenities and serices |
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Zipf formula |
Pop. of city X = Pop. largest city / City X rank |
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Describe the "perfect rank size distribution" graph |
Linear, negative slope, high level of economic development under capitalism |
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Describe a "primate city" distribution |
Two distinct slopes, urban system is dominated by one large city, example of colonial settlement |
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Describe an "intermediate or smaller city-dominant" distribution |
Broken into several negative slopes, transitional phase of urban system development, more common in large and highly fragmented nations |
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What does rank size distribution show (5)? |
Analysis of temporal shift, dominance of one city, metropolitan growth or decline, density of economic linkages, forecasting and planning |
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How does manufacturing shape a city (4)? |
Development of urban system, emergence of large industrial metropolises, specialization in industries, different growth rate |
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Types of goods (list examples) |
Durable and non-durable |
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What are value-added products? |
High-value: high skilled (technology, electronics) Low-value: low skilled (textiles, furniture) |
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Stages in production process (3) |
Processing, fabrication, and assembly |
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Alfred-Weber Least-Cost Theory |
Manufacturing located in areas of minimized cost (market oriented), located close to specific raw materials (material oriented) |
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Fordism (40s-70s): industry |
Vertical Integration, |
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Fordism (40s-70s): employment |
Manufacturing jobs, |
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Fordism (40s-70s): production |
Economies of Scale, |
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Fordism (40s-70s): labour |
Skills demarcation,
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Fordism (40s-70s): space-economy |
Regional Specialization, |
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Post-Fordism: industry |
Small firms, vertical disintegration,
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Post-Fordism: employment |
Loss of manufacturing jobs, high unemployment, privatized services, flexibility in labour
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Post-Fordism: production |
Economies of scope, automation, small
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Post-Fordism: labour |
Competitive, de-unionized, part-time |
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Post-Fordism: space-economy |
De-industrialization, emergence of high-technology production complexes |
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De-metropolitization |
Movement of population from city core to rural areas |