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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Lateral |
Away from the mid line of the body |
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"Further from a specified region" |
Distal |
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Posterior |
Back of the body |
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Inferior |
Lower to a specified region |
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What are the three planes? |
median, Frontal (Coronal) and Transverse |
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"A vertical plane that bisects the body into right and left halves" |
Median planes |
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The axis of rotation is always ____________ to the plane of movement |
Perpendicular |
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"Increases the angle between two bones at a joint" |
Flexion |
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Define Dorsiflexion |
Bringing the top of the foot towards the lower leg or shin |
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Abduction is |
moving segment away from the midline |
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" A cone movement that does not include any rotation. It occurs when flexion, extension is combined with abduction and adduction" |
Circumduction |
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Describe the four (4) steps within primary ossification |
1. Osteoblasts use avaliable calcium to lay down bony plates (spongy bone) 2. Osteoclasts become active and break down new bone to clear space for marrow activity 3. Osteoblsts from a ring of bone around the waist of bone model 4. Osteoblasts activity continues and the collar thickens forming the peristeum |
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How many bones are in the human body? |
206 |
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The longest bone is the ____ and the smallest is the _____ |
Femur, Stirrup |
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This type of bone is served as a good shock abssorber |
short bones. ex, wrists |
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What is the appendicular skeleton? |
Pectoral girdle, arms and forearms, hands, pelvis, thighs and legs, feet and ankles |
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Turning your feet outward while remaining in contact with floor is known as |
Eversion |
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"The systematic study of the physiological, psychological and the sociological aspects of human movement and how it can be optimized" |
Kinesiology |
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A spinning figure skater will spin on the ______ axis and the ____ plane |
Longitudinal, Horizontal |
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"Outer connective tissue, covering the entire bone. Fibers, ligaments and tendons connect tissues to bone, muscle or bone " |
Periosteum |
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"Inside the shaft is red or yellow bone marrow" |
Medullary Cavity |
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What are the seven (7) types of bone projections |
Condyle, epicondyle, process, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, spine |
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What are the four (4) types of depressions? |
Facets, fossa, fovea and groove |
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How many bones are in the human skull? |
22 |
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" A seam like immovable junction which is only found between skull bones and consists of a small amount of tight connective tissues between bones, which protects the brain and form the face by uniting the adjacent skull bones" |
A Suture |
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Which and how many bones are in the cranial region of the skull? |
Occcipital (1), parietal (2), Frontal (1), Temporal (2), Ethmoid (1) and Sphenoid (1) |
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Which and how many bones are in the facial region of the skull? |
Vomer (1), Lacrimal (2), Zygomatic (2), Palatine (2), Maxilla (2), Mandible (1) and Inferior nasal concha (2) |
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Importance of the occipital bone? |
the bone that forms that back and base of the skull, and where the spinal cord passes |
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What is the importance of the mastoid process |
a conical prominence of the temporal bone behind the ear, to which neck muscles are attached and which has air spaces linked to the middle ear |
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What is the importance of the styloid process? |
a slender projection of bone, such as that from the lower surface of the temporal bone of the skull, or those at the lower ends of the ulna and radius |
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"Superiorly divides the parietal bones" |
Sagittal suture |
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What is the functional advantage of the shape of the sutures of the skull |
The sutures help keep the skull from shifting. It has two formations, thus acting like a lock and if there was a hit to the skull, it is more likely not to move. |
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How many bones make up the vertebrae column? name the regions |
24 bones; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar and ccoccygeal |
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Describe the importance of the atlas and the axis |
The atlas is the first cervical vertebrae and connects with the occipital bone. It also moves the head vertically The axis has no movement however moves the head horizontally |
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What is the intervertebral disc? |
the disc acts as a shock absorber and enables flexibility |
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" a sideways curvature of the spine" |
Scoliosis |
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What is the spinous process? |
a bony projection off the posterior of each vertebrae |
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What is the pedicle? |
a stub that connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch |
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The ____ region of the vertebral column has the most flexibility |
Lumbar |
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What are the 2 main parts of the thoracic cavity |
Sternum and Ribs |
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How many ribs are in the human body? |
True ribs (1-7), False ribs (8-10) and floating ribs (11-12) |
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What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with? |
the acromion process |
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The _______ is the most superior portion of the sternum |
manubrium |
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The name of the fossa on the ventral side of the scapula is called the ____ fossa |
Subscapular fossa |
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The forearm bones are joined together down their shafts by a tough connective tissue membrane called the _____ |
Interosseous membrane |
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The ______ process is the second most common broken bone |
styloid |
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Between the greater and lesser tubercles lies the _____ |
Bicepital groove |
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How many bones are in the hand? |
8 carpals: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate Metacarpals (5) and 14 phalanges. Totaling 27 |
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What is an interphalanges joint? |
Joint between the phlanx |
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radiocarpals are |
connection at wrist |
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What does SLTPHCTT stand for? |
Some like to pee how can they think? Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium |
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The ______ groove lies between the greater and lesser tubercle |
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The head of the humerus articulates with the ______ |
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The bony projection if the hamate is called the ____ |
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Falling onto your hands, the 2 bones that are likely to fracture are the _____ and the ____ |
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What are the three bones that fuse together to make the hip bone? |
ilium, ishium, pubis |
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The weight of the torso and upper limbs is transmitted from the sacroiliac joint to the ____ |
acetabulum |
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What is it that we specifically sit on? |
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"Lies parallel to the tibia and is non weight bearing" |
The fibula |
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What is the order of the ankle to foot? |
TTC Tibia, Talus, calcaneus |
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The foot is made up of : |
Talus, calcaneus, cuneiforms, naviculer, cuboid, metatarsals and phalanges |
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The tarsal to which the achilles tendon attaches to |
Calcaneus |
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What are the 3 types of joints? |
Fibrous: no movement (skull) , cartilaginous: limited movements (intervertebral discs) and synovial: large amount of movement (hips) |
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"consists of the synovial membrane and fibrous capsule" |
Joint capsule |
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A ball and socket (spheroidal) joint is : |
ball at one bone fits into the socket of another, allowing movements around 3 axes |
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Gliding joints are: |
connects flat or slightly curved bone surface glide against one another |
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"Connects the sternum to the clavicle and is the only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton" |
Sternoclavicular joint |
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"Connects the upper limbs and the scapula, a typical multiaxial joint, which has a wide range of motion; however has a relative lack of stability" |
Glenohumeral joint |
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What is the ACL? |
Anterior cruciate ligament, restricts anterior movement of the tibia |
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What is the PCL? |
Posterior cruciate ligament, prevents posterior movement of the tibia |
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"Joint is stabilized medially and laterally by the collateral ligament " |
MCL and LCL |
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Q Angles may contribute to the perdisposition of ___ tears |
ACL |
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What is potts fracture? |
A force on the medical side of the ankle causing deltoid ligaments to rip off the tip of the medial malleolus |
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What is the position of the foot during the ankle taping procedure? |
Dorsiflexion |
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" a plasma membrane that lies beneath the endonysium, a sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fibre" |
Sarcolemma |
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Nerves are transmitted in impulse _____ that ensure smooth movements |
Waves |
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What is the all or none principle? |
This is when a motor unit is stimulated to contract, it will do so to its fullest potential; either all fibres contract, or none will |
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What is the sliding filament theory |
Mechanisms of contraction is acchieved by overlapping actin and myosin filaments |
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What is the exciting contraction coupling |
electriccal signal --> spinal cord --> nerve axon --> neuromuscular junction --> muscle fibres --> calcium ions into cytoplasm |
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What is the reflex arc? |
Single neural pathway along which an initial sensory stimulus and corresponding message travel |
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What are the steps to the reflex arc? |
1. receptor 2. Sensory neurons: carries impulses to the CNS 3. Intermediate nerve fibres: interprets the signal and issues response 4. Motor nerve: carries response from spinal cord to organ 5. Organ: response |
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What is glycolysis: |
The first stage in the anaerobic lactic system, in the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl CoA. Then enters more pathways |
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What is Krebs cycle: |
Metabolism of fats and proteins. Then creates two ATP molecules which then moves to the electron transport chain |
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What is the Electron transport chain? |
Final stage, creates 32 ATP, final electron acceptor is oxygen |
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What is cellular respiration? |
The bodies cell use O2 to generate energy through various metabolic pathways found in the mitochondria of cells. This is used when activity is longer than 90 seconds. This is the complete breakdown of glucose |
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What are the three types of muscle fibres? |
Type 1 or Slow-oxidative (SO), Type IIA or Fast-oxidative glycolytic and Type IIB or Fast- Gylcolytic |
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What is the Type I : |
Generate energy slowly, are more fatigue-resistant and rely on aerobic process |
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What is the Type IIA: |
High speed energy released as well as glycolytic capacity |
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What is the type IIB: |
Store glycogen and high levels of enzymes for quick contraction without requiring oxygen |
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What is pulmonary circulation |
The part of the blood circulation which carried oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lunch and then returns oxygenated blood back to the heart |
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The _____ node is the hearts pacemaker, which is located where the electrical signals are initiated, thus leading to the contraction of the heart |
Sinoatrial node |
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The _____ node transmits electrical signals from the atria into the ventricle. It also transmits the signal into another region of specialized tissues that run down to the ventricular septum |
Atrioventricular node |
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Systolic vs Diastolic |
D pressure will occur at the beginning of the cardiac cycle. It is the minimum pressure in the arteries when pumping the ventricles full with blood. At the end, S pressure will occur when the ventricle contracts |
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During exercise, the skeletal muscle has an increased need for O2, thus the body will redistribute the blood flow, taking from less active organs such as..? |
Stomach, intestines and kidneys |
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What is conductive zone? |
composed of all the structure which convey air from the outside of the body through the lungs. |
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What is respiratory zone? |
All respiratory organs have moist surfaces in which the gases can dissolve and diffuse |
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"Understanding of the behavior and function of the living human body when it is acted upon by forces" |
Biomechanics |
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What is the difference between eccentric and centric? |
Centric has an applied force directly into the centre of the body Eccentric has a force directed to a point other than the object centre |
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"Force is applied to a body, the force tends to make the body rotate around its axis" |
Torque |
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What is the moment of inertia |
A measure of an objects resistance to rotation |