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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-tomy
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cutting incision (anatomy)
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-stasis
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stand (homoeostasis)
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physi/o
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nature, physical (physiology)
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-ology
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study of
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homeo-
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same (homeostasis)
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ab-
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apart, away from (abduction)
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inferior-
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down (inferior vena cava)
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superior-
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upward (superior vena cava)
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Internally the body is divided into two main cavities, what are they?
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dorsal & ventral
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Contains cranial and spinal cavities for brain and spinal cord?
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Dorsal
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Contains thoracic cavity, abdominopelvuc cavity.
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Ventral
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What are the central regions of the abdomen?
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epigastric (epi=upon)
umbilical (navel) hypogastric (hypo=below, gastric=stomach) |
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What are the lateral regions called?(lateral=side)
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R/L Lumbar (lumbar=side)
R/L Hypochondriac (hypo=below, chondr=rib) R/L Illiac (illiac=groin) |
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Divides the abdomen into four regions?
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Quadrants
LUQ, LLQ, RUQ, RLQ |
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Unit of length in the metric system?
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Meter (m)
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Unit of weight in the metric system?
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Gram (GR, g)
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Unit of volume in the metric system?
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Liter (L, mL)
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Tissues function together as?
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Organs
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Glands that produce hormones belong to the________system?
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Endocrine
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The eyes are located_________to the nose?
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Superior, Cranial
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The system that brings needed substances to the body tissue?
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Cardiovascular (contains heart)
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The system that converts food into a form that body cells can use?
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Digestive
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The cavity that contains the liver?
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Admominal
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The cavity that contains the pelvis?
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Pelvic
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Fluids contained within the cells?
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intracellular
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A type of feedback in which a given action promotes more of the same is called?
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Positive Feedback
(example= labor) |
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The cavity that contains the mediastinum?
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Ventral
sub-(thoracic) |
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The foot is located_______to the knee?
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Inferior/Caudal/Distal
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The body system responsible for movement?
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Muscular
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The body system responsible for support?
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Skeletal
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The body system responsible for reception of stimuli and control of responses?
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Nervous
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The body system responsible for production of hormones for regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction?
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Endocrine
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The body system responsible for movement of blood for transport?
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Cardiovascular
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The body system responsible for aiding in circulation, immunity, and absorption of digested fats?
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Lymphatic
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The body system responsible for the intake of oxygen (O) and release of carbon dioxide (CO2)?
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Respiratory
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The body system responsible for the intake, breakdown, adn absorption of nutrients?
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Digestive
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The body system responsible for elimination of waste and water?
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Urinary
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The body system responsible for production of offspring?
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Reproduction
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All the chemical reactions needed to sustain life?
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Metabolism
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Responsible for the breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances; release of energy from nutrients (ATP)?
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Catabolism (cata=down)
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What is the energy compound of currency of a cell?
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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Building of body materials from simple to more complex?
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Anabolism (ana=up)
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The steady state of body conditions, uses catabolism and anabolsim.
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homeostasis
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Regulation by return of information within a system?
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FEEDBACK
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Type of feedback that REVERSES and action to get back to homeostasis?
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Negative Feedback
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Type of feedback that promotes continued activity, usually there is stimuli?
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Positive Feedback
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What type of tissue section is perpendicular to long axis?
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Cross Section (banana slice (penny shaped)
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What type of tissue section is parellel to long axis?
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Transverse (banana split type of cut)
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What type of tissue section is at an angle?
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Oblique (diagnol sandwich cut)
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What cavity contains the pancreas and spleen?
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Abdominal Cavity
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What cavity contains the diaphram?
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Thoracic Cavity
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What cavity contains the reproductive organs?
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Pelvic Cavity
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What cavity contains the heart and lungs?
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Thoracic Cavity
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What cavity contains the mediastinum?
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Thoracic (subunit of Ventral)
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What cavity contains the stomach and most of the intestines?
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Abdominal Cavity
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What cavity contains the bladder and rectum?
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Pelvic Cavity
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What cavity contains the ovaries and testes?
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Pelvic Cavity
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The science that deals with the composition and properties of matter?
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Chemistry
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The substances that make up all matter?
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Elements
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The subunits of an element?
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Atom
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The smallest complete units of MATTER?
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Atom
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The center of an atom that contains positively charged electrical particles is?
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Nucleous
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Protons are negatively charged particles? T/F
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False (positively charged)
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Particles that are non-charged?
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Neutron (neutral)
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Negatively charged particles which orbit the nucleous?
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Electrons
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Which charged particle deterimines how the atom will react chemically?
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Electron
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What determines the atomic number of an element?
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The number of Protons in the nucleous.
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The energy field closest to the nucleous is called what?
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The First Energy field
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What are the total amount of electrons which can occupy the first level?
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2
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The energy field farthest from the nucleous?
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Secondary Energy Field
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What determines an energy fields reactivity?
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The number of electrons must equal eight 8 to be stable, or non-reactive.
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What happens if the energy field does not have eight electrons?
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That atom will be reactive.
Automatically drawn to atoms to complete that secondary enery field of 8. (gain electrons more than four (-), lose electrons less than four (+)) |
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The number of electrons lost or gained by atoms of an element in chemical reactions is known as?
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Valence (Latin=strength)
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The outermost energy field determines the combining properties of an element? T/F
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True
Valence Level |
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What is formed when two or more atoms unite based on their electron structures?
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molecule
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The smallest subunits of a compound?
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Atoms
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Substances composed of two or more different elements?
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Compound
(CO=carbon monoxide) |
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What is the most abundant compound in the human body?
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Water (H2O)
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Water is known as _______solvent?
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Universal
(can dissolve many different substances in large amounts) |
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Salt is an example of a substance that dissolves in water and called "water-loving", or?
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Hydrophilic
(hydro=water, philic=attraction) |
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Fats (butter) that repel and do not dissolve in water are called "water-fearing" or?
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Hydrophobic
(hydro=water, phobic=fear) |
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Water freezes at _____degrees C and boils and______C
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0 degree (freeze)
100 degree (boil) |
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Blends of two or more substances?
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Mixtures
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A mixture formed when one substance dissolves into another?
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Solution
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The type of mixture where the component substances cannot be distinguished from each other and they remain evenly distributed throughout is?
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Homeogenous
(homeo=same, gen=formation) |
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The dissolving substance in a salt water solution is called?
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Solvent (water in salt water)
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The substance dissolved in salt water is known as?
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Solute (salt in salt water)
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Intravenous solutions is an example of a ________solution?
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Aqueous (salt and water)
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The mixture that substances do not dissolve into one another and settle-out, needing constant stirring?
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Suspension (non-uniform)
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Suspension is considered a ___________type of mixture?
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heterogenous
(hetero=different, genous=formation) |
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In a suspension mixture, the particles settle out because?
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They are Heavier (larger) than the solvent, forcing the weight to the bottom.
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Red blood cells in blood plasma are an example of what type of mixture?
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Suspension
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Organic compunds where the molecules do not dissolve but remain evenly distributed in the suspending solution?
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Colloids
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How do the molecules in a colloidal mixture remain eveny distributed?
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They have electrical charges that repel each other, and molecules are SMALL enough to stay in suspension.
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The proteins in plasma is an example of what type of mixture?
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Colloids
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Atoms interact to reach a stable number of electrons in the valence or secondary energy level? T/F
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True
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In chemical reactions, _______ may be transferred from one atom to another or may be shared between atoms?
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Electrons
(the # of Electrons in the valence field determines its reactivity) |
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The type of bond that is formed when electrons are TRANSFERRED/EXCHANGED from one atom to another?
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ionic bond (makes atoms into ions by gaining/losing electrons causing a positive /
negative charge attraction. |
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An atom or group of atoms with a (-) or (+) charge is called?
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ion
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A positively charged ion is?
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Cation (+)
(cat=pro) NA+ |
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A negatively charged ion is?
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Anion (-)
(a=without) CL- |
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What is the difference between symbols NA and
NA+? |
NA=sodim ATOM (has equal number electrons and proton)
NA+=sodium ION (gave up an electron to another atom, thus causing a positive charge of sodium) |
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Compounds formed by ionic bonds that release ions when they are in a solution?
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Electrolytes
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This bonds involves the SHARING of electrons between the atoms in a molecule?
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Covalent Bonds
(co=together) |
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What type of bond occurs when electrical charges are evenly distributed around the atom?
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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What type of bond occurs when one part of a molecule is more negative and one part more positive at any one time?
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Polar Covalent Bonds
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A chemical substance capable of donating a hydrogen ion (H+) to another substance?
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Acid
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A chemical substance usually containing hydroxide ion
(OH-) that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+)? |
Base/basic/alkaline
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PH stands for?
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Potentional Hydrogen
(the more hydrogen the more acidic, the less hydrogen the more alkaline) |
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PH of 7 is considered?
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Neutral
(equal amounts of hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion) |
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PH scale ranges from?
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0-14
0=more acidic 14=more alkaline/basic |
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The balanced chemical state is maintained by chemicals forming a system that prevent sharp changes in hydogen ion (H+) concentration?
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BUFFER
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Elements that are alike in their number of protons and electrons, but differ in their atomic weight?
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Iostopes
(iso=equal) |
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Disintegrating isotopes that give off rays of atomic particles?
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radioactive, radioisotopes
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The chemical compounds that characterize all living things and contain carbon (C)?
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Organic Compounds
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Other chemical compounds that do not contain carbon (C)?
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Inorganic Copounds
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List the three main types of organic compounds?
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Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins |
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The basic units of _________are simple sugars (glucose)?
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Carbohydrates
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Glucose a monosaccharide is an example of?
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Carbohydrate
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Two simple sugars (monosaccharides)link together to form?
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Disaccharides
(di=two) (saccarine=sugar) |
|
Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of what type of carbohydrate unit?
|
Disaccharide
(glucose + fuctose=sucrose) |
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Consists of many simple sugars linked together with multiple chains?
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Polysaccharides
(poly=many) (saccharine=sugar) |
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Glycogen and starch are examples of what type of carbohydrate unit?
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Polysaccharides
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A class of organic compounds mainly found in the body as fat?
|
Lipids
(lip=fat) |
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Fats are the main form in which energy is stored? T/F
|
True
|
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Simple fats are made up of
____commonly called glycerin in comination with fatty acids? |
Glycerol
|
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Triglycerides are an example of?
|
Simple fats/LIPIDS
|
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Complex lipids (fats) containing phosphorous (P)?
|
Phospholipids
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Phospholipids make up a major part of the membrane around the_____?
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Cell
|
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Lipids (fats) that contain carbon (C) atoms?
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Steroids
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Cortisol, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone are examples of what types of lipids/fats?
|
Steroids
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The only organic compound unit that contains 4 elements: O (oxygen) C (carbon) H (hydrogen) and N (nitrogen)?
|
Proteins
(lipids and carbs only contain OCH) |
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Proteins make up pigments that give hair, eyes, and skin its_____?
|
Color
|
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Building blocks of proteins?
|
Amino Acids
|
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Which part of the amino acid houses the N (nitrogen)?
|
The Amino Group
|
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Amino acids link together into a?
|
Polypeptide
|
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Polypeptide chains can change shape depending the type of protein? T/F
|
True
polypeptide chain is coiled into a helix and and may be pleated or folded back on itself. |
|
A type of folded protein is called?
|
Hemoglobin
|
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Proteins that serve as CATALYSTS in the hundreds of reactions that take place within the cell and are essential for metabolism?
|
Enzymes
|
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Enzymes work only on specific substances or_______?
|
Substrates
|
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T/F Enzymes take part in the chemical reactions temporarily, and are not used up or changed by the reaction?
|
True
|
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Lock and Key mechanism is essential for enzymes to match their?
|
Substrates
|
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The alteration of any protein so that it can no longer function is termed?
|
Denaturation
|
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Once a new product is formed from the substrates, the enzyme________?
|
Releases unchanged
|
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hydr/o-
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Water
|
|
phil
|
to like
|
|
-phobia
|
excessive fear
|
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hom/o
|
same
|
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heter/o
|
different
|
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aqu/o
|
water
|
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co-
|
together
(covalent bond) |
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sacchar/o
|
sugar
(saccharides) |
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mon/o-
|
one
(monossacharides) |
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di-
|
two
(dissacharides) |
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poly-
|
Many
(polysaccharides) |
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glyc/o
|
sugar,glucose, sweet
(glycerol, glycogen) |
|
tri-
|
three
(triglycerides) |
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de-
|
remove
(denaturation) |
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-ase
|
suffix used in naming enzymes
(lipase) |
|
The most abundant compound in the body is?
|
Water
|
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The most abundant element in the body is?
|
Oxygen
|
|
H= hydrogen
atomic #1 |
1 proton
|
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C= carbon
atomic #6 |
6 protons
|
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N= nitogen
atomic #7 |
7 protons
|
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O=oxygen
atomic #8 |
8 protons
|