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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the four anatomical planes?
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median (midsagittal),
sagittal (parasagittal), coronal (frontal), horizontal (transverse) |
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Horizontal plane:
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divides body into upper and lower parts..x-axis
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Saggital plane:
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pass parallel to the median plane
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Coronal plane:
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perpendicular to median plane, divides body into front and back
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what are anatomical sections?
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are actual slices through the body for the purpose of demonstrating the position of anatomical structures
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What are the four standard anatomical sections?
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longitudinal, vertical, transverse and oblique
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what are terms of relationship?
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these terms are relative terms used to describe the position of a body part in relation to other body parts
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what are the 20 terms of relationship?
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superior (cranial), inferior (caudal),
anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), medial ( closer to midline), lateral (further away from midline) ,median (in the midline), proximal (closer to the point of origin), distal (further from the point of origin) , superficial, deep, external (outer), internal (inner), central, peripheral, parietal, visceral, rostral (toward the nose), cephalic (cranial, head), ipsilateral ( to the same side), contralateral (on the opposite side) |
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an example of combined terms is:
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superoinferior, and mediolateral
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what are terms of movement?
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describe the motion of the body parts relative to one another. used especially to describe the movements of the limbs, but may in some cases apply to movements of the head, neck and trunk as well
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what are the different terms of movement?
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flexion (decreases angles between defined body surface)
extension (increases angle) abduction (away) adduction (toward the midline) rotation (turning something side to side) circumduction (combine the above to define a cone of motion) supination, pronation, protrusion/protraction (to put something in the body forward)..false bite position, and retraction elevation -closing you jaw depression- opening of jaw |
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in the fetal position all the joints are in what type of movement?
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flexion
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Median
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divides body into right and left halves
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Prone
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Lying with the face downwards
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Supine
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lying with the face upward
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Afferent
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going towards a structure
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Efferent
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Going away from a structure (E for Exit )
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Visceral (Splanchnic)
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internal body part or organs
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Parietal (Somatic)
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the body wall or towards skin
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Central (as in CNS)
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brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral
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parts near the body surface (nerves supply to muscles or body parts)
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integumentary system
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this system provides protection to the muscular system, and eliminates heat (thermo regulation)--includes
1. The Skin 2. Tela Subcutannea 3. Associated structures |
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Skin
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1. Epidermis
-- Epithelium -- Finger prints 2. dermis -- connective tissues (extracellular fibers) -- Langer's lines or cleavage lines |
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dermatoglyphics
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patterns of grooves and ridges on the skin
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The anatomical position?
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the subject stands erect, hand, eyes and toes are directed forward (anterior): the arms are by the side, and the palms face forward (anterior) the legs are together with the toes facing anteriorly
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importance of langer's lines (tension lines)?
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1. orientation of fibers within dermis
2. Incisions made in the direction of Langer’s lines are less likely to gape. (surgical) |
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Fascia
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Fibrous connective tissues
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Tela Subcutanea
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subcutaneous connective tissue
two subdivisions are: - Panniculus adiposus - Retinacula Cutis |
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Panniculus adiposus
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adipose or fat cells
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Retinaculum cutis
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also called "Skin ligaments"
fibrous strands that extend through the superficial fascia attaching the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia. or fibers that binds dermis to underlying tissues |
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Deep Fascia
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skeletal muscle (remember there are other muscle types but we are focusing on skeletal muscles for now )
bone |
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associated structures of integumentary system?
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1. hair,
2. smooth muscles (goose bump) 3. Glands - sweat - sebaceous (oily secretion) 4. blood vessels 5. nerve fiber |
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Muscular System
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skeletal muscles that move the joints
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How many types of joints are there?
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1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial |
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subtypes of fibrous joint
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1. suture : connection between irregular bones
2. syndesmosis: sheet of connective tissue (e.g. between radius and ulna) 3. Gomphosis--socket of tooth |
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synovial joints (freely moveable) structure
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Fibrous cpasule
synovial membrane synovial cavity with fluid articular cartilage |
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General structure of arteries and veins
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three layers
1. tunica adventitia (outer most layer) 2. tunic media---contains smooth muscle (thicker in arteries) 3. tunic intima (inner lining of blood vessle) |
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what are tributaries?
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small veins that channel blood towards the heart and combine to form larger vessel
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Anastomosis
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communication between two vessels (supply blood to same area)
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Collateral circulation
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alternative pathway for blood flow. Important in bypassing blockage (blood flow through anastomosis connection)
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What are the components of lymphatic system?
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1. Lymphatic vessels
2. Lymph nodes 3. spleen 4. thymus 5. tonsils |
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lymphatic system function
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- recovers lost extra cellular fluid
- filters fluid before returning it to venous system - forms and circulates cells ( lymphocytes) - Forms antibodies this how bacteria and cancer spread from one part of the body to other |
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what does enlarged lymph node represents?
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infections (important when doing oral examination in dentistry) if soft and painful
swollen, hard and pain less sign of cancer. |
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Aponeurosis
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A sheetlike fibrous membrane, resembling a flattened tendon.
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Synarthrosis
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immovable joint e.g fibrous joint
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amphiarthrosis
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slightly movable joint e.g cartilaginous joints
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diarthrosis
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several types of bone articulation permitting free motion in a joint, e.g synovial joints in shoulder or hip
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Synchondrosis
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a joint that is connected with cartilage, like the place where the ribs meet the sternum
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symphysis
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mainly fibrocartilaginous joint; a type of joint in which the apposed bony surfaces are firmly united by a plate of fibrocartilage. e.g intervertebral disc
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How blood moves to the heart (in veins)?
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By contraction of body wall
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what prevents back flow of blood in veins?
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Valves
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pulmonary circulation route
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lungs-->pulmonary veins(oxygenated)-->heart-->pulmonary arteries(un-oxygenated)
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systemic circulation
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heart-->aorta(oxygenated)-->body tissues-->vena caval collection (un-oxygenated)
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What are the four different types of muscles that help in movement?
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a. Prime movers
b. Synergists c. Fixators d. Antagonists |
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what are "Prime movers" ?
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Muscles responsible for majority of actions.
also called agonist |
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What are "Synergists" ?
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muscles that help produce the movements or muscles that aid Prime Movers.
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Fixator
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Muscle that stabilize proximal joint or simply muscles that stabilize the joints.
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what are "anatagonist" muscles?
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muscles that oppose prime movers or muscles that oppose the movement.
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sub types of cartilaginous joints
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1. synchondrosis - epiphyseal plate
2. symphysis- intervertebral disc |