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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is communication? |
is the process by which two or more people share information , including facts , thoughts, ideas and feelings |
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Communication involves two main players which are? |
A sender and receiver , also four processes |
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What are the four processes involved in communication? |
1. formulation 2. transmission 3. reception 4. comprehension |
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What is the sender and receiver's roles? |
Sender: formulates and then transmits the information being conveyed Receiver: Receives and comprehends the informaton |
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What is formulation? |
Is the process of pulling together one's thoughts or ideas before sharing them with another |
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Give an example of formulation |
ex) What is the thought or feeling I want to share? |
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Define Transmission |
is the process of conveying those ideas to another person , often by speaking , but also by signing , gesturing or writing |
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What is Reception? |
is the process of receiving information from another person |
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What is comprehension? |
Is the process of making sense of that information |
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Define Modality |
Describes the manner in which information is transmitted and received |
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Give an example of modality |
Speech is the most common modality for humans |
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For people who cannot speak and / or hear (deaf or hard of hearing community) , what would be a prevalent modality? |
Sign Language is a prevalent modality |
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In literate cultures , what are two common modalities? |
Reading and Writing |
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What are the 3 essential components of the model of communication? |
1. A sender to formulate and transmit a message 2. A receiver to receive and comprehend the message 3. A shared means of communicating |
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Define Feedback? |
is information provided by the receiver to the sender |
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In effective communication , what is provided by the receiver? |
Feedback is continually provided by the receiver and the sender responds to this feedback to maintain the effectiveness of communication process. |
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Communication is active because? |
Because both the sender and receiver must be fully engaged |
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Define Linguistic Feedback |
Includes providing feedback by speaking |
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Give 4 examples of Linguistic feedback |
1. "I totally agree" 2. "I hear what you are saying" 3. "Wait I don't get it" 4. "mhhm" "uh-oh" |
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Define Nonlinguistic Feedback or Extralinguistic Feedback |
Includes the use of eye contact , facial expression , posture and proximity |
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What type of feedback may supplement linguistic feedback or may stand alone? |
Nonlinguistic Feedback |
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What is Paralinguistic Feedback? |
Includes the use of pitch , loudness and pausing , all of which are superimposed on linguistic feedback |
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Feedback is used by the sender and receiver to prevent a? |
Communication breakdown from occurring |
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5 year old: i am totally karate Mom: Um , karate? 5-year-old: Yeah , I'm karate. That means I'm so cool Mom (nodding): Oh , yes , you are very karate |
- you should be able to find a communication breakdown , centered on the word karate, which the sender used and the receiver did not understand - B/c the receiver gave the sender prompt feedback , the sender was able to repair the breakdown by indicating that karate mean "very cool" = conversational repair |
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What are the 7 Halliday communication functions? |
1. instrumental communication 2. Regulatory communication 3. Interactional communication 4. Personal communication 5. Heuristic communication 6. Imaginative communication 7. Informative communication |
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What is instrumental communication? |
used to ask for something |
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Give an example of instrumental communication? |
"I would like shrimp , please" |
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What is Regulatory Communication? |
Used to give directions and to direct others |
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Give an example of regulatory communication |
"You need to take a right here" |
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What is interactional communication? |
Used to interact and converse with others in a social way |
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Give an example of interactional communication |
"What did you think of the game yesterday" |
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What is personal communication? |
used to express a state of mind or feelings about something |
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Give an example of personal communication? |
"I am just furious about this!" |
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What is Heuristic communication? |
Used to find information and to inquire |
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Give an example of heuristic communication |
"Do you know when this dam was built" |
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Define imaginative communication |
used to tell stories and to role-play |
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Give an example of imaginative communication
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"If I had a million dollars, I would" |
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What is informative communication? |
Used to provide an organized description of an event or object |
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Give an example of informative |
"What happened was , we got the game, and then it began to rain" |
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What are the four priniciples known as Grice's maxim's? |
1. Principle of Quantity 2. Principle of Quality 3. Principle of Relevance 4. Principle of Manner |
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What is principle of quantity? |
- when we communicate we need to use just the right amount and type of information - we need to use clear vocabulary and we should not be redundant |
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What is principle of Quality? |
- When we communicate , we are expected to be accurate and truthful |
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What is principle of relevance? |
- When we communicate we are to maintain topic at hand and make contributions that relate to the topic |
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What is principle of manner? |
- When we communicate , we are to talk at the right pace , taking pauses as needed , but not longer than called for - we are to use appropriate loudness and pitch and engage in eye contact as expected by cultural norms |
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Are Grice's maxims always accurate? |
- these principles of effective communication may vary across the cultures and may be affected by the presence of a communication disorder |
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What are the 3 essential ingredients of human communication that are used for formulation , transmission , reception and comprehension? |
Language , Speech , Hearing |
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Speech is used for transmission (true / false) |
TRUE |
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Hearing is used for transmission (true / false) |
FALSE |
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Does Speech , Language and Hearing all describe the same processes? |
No , although often used synonymously , they describe very different processes |
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What is language? |
Describes the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas and thoughts |
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What is Speech? |
Describes the neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air (or other medium , like a telephone connection) to a receiver |
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What does speech involve? |
Involves using voice and articulators ( tongue , lips , tongue , palate) that make sounds to produce words and sentences |
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Can other species use communication through speech and language? |
NO ONLY HUMANS |
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The capacities of speech and language allow humans to ? |
- they allow them to share remarkably complex ideas and thoughts with one another , a feat that is not possible for other species |
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What is formulation? What part of communication is involved? |
- Putting thoughts and ideas into words to share with others - Involves Language |
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What is transmission? What part of communication is involved? |
- Fluently expressing thoughts and ideas to others - Involves Speech |
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What is Reception? What part of communication is involved? |
- Receiving communication sent by another person - involves hearing |
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What is comprehension? What does it involve? |
- interpreting the communication sent by another person - involves language |
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What is Language? |
A socially shared code that uses conventional system of arbitrary symbols, including , words and sounds , to represent the world to others |
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Describe Language in 4 words |
1. socially shared 2. a code 3. conventional system 4. representational tool |
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Give an example of language being socially shared |
Everyone reading the book of an english text, shares the english language as a means of communicating ideas about communication * A community of speakers share the same system for communicating their ideas |
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How is a language a code? |
- ideas about the world are communicating using a set of symbols - the symbols used in language are words , which are made up of sounds that are combined in various ways |
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Give an example of language code |
the code for book involves 3 sounds -- b +oo+k -- blended together to form (book) |
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How is Language a conventional system? |
- Language follows specific , systematic conventions ; it is a rule-governed code -strict rules govern the way a linguistic community organizes words into sentences and the way sounds are combined to make words |
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Give an example of how conventional system is used in language |
if a doctor said to you "Need a prescription store go" (you would be aware the some linguistic rules were being violated) |
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How is Language a representational tool? |
- Language allows to represent our thoughts and ideas to others |
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Language is a tool for ____ (a) and the only reason humans evolved language was to ____ (b) |
a) communication b) communicate |
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What is meant by universality? who wrote in The Language Instinct? |
- language is ubiquitous , every human culture has one & sometimes many languages, and all languages are equally complex - Steven Pinker |
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Define Species Specificity |
Refers to the fact that although many nonhuman species are able to communicate , their communication abilities are wholly iconic |
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What are a few 4 remarkable features of language that attracts scholars? |
1. Universality 2. Species specificity 3. Productivity 4. Rate of Acquisition |
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What is meant by iconic communication systems? give an example |
- are those in which there is transparent relation between what is being communicated and how it is being communicated ex: for instance , purring of cat is a fairly transparent way to say "I really like being petted" (more purring = more petting) |
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What is productivity? |
is the principal feature of combination , specifically the combination of a small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations |
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Give an example of productivity |
ex: With a relatively small number of words , humans are capable of creating an almost infinite variety of sentences , the majority of which no one has ever heard before |
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What is Rate of Acquisition? |
Is a key achievement of early childhood and many scholars view language development as fairly complete by about 5 years of age - Although the system is continually refined during middle and later childhood (i.e new words are added to vocab) |
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What years of life are a critical period? |
first 5 years of life (after this period , rate of language slows down) |
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Language consists of three rule-governed domains that together reflect an integrated whole, which includes? |
1. Content 2. Form 3. Use |
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Define , language domain : Content |
Refers to the meaning of language , the words we use and the meaning behind them |
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How is Content conveyed? |
Is conveyed through our vocabulary system , or lexicon , as we select and organize words to express our ideas or to understand what others are saying |
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Define Form |
Is how words , sentences , and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content |
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Define Use |
is how language is used functionally to meet personal and social needs |
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Analyze the sentence "Daddy's cup" spoken by 2 year old Dakota using content? |
* This sentence can be analyzed by its content , form and use Content: is the words Dakota selected from her vocabulary - concepts expressed here include Daddy's ownership & an object used to hold liquid / drink from |
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Analyze the sentence "Daddy's cup" spoken by 2 year old
using form? |
Form: is how these concepts are conveyed by organizing sounds ( 8 sounds used) - by manipulating word structure ('s is added to daddy to convey |
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What is Metalinguistic awareness? |
- Process by which we make language the object of attention - using language to think/analyze |
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Give an example of using metalinguistic awareness? |
"her did it" (does not communicate ,but we have enough awareness of semantics) = metalinguistic awareness |
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Analyze the sentence "Daddy's cup" spoken by 2 year old , with the domain use?
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- use is how the content and forms function within a social routine - in this case ,Dakota says "Daddy's cup" while pointing to a cup sitting on a table |
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A slightly more refined description of language dimensions includes 5 domains called? |
1. Semantics 2. Syntax 3. Morphology 4. Phonology 5. Pragmatics |
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Which two of the 5 domains are synonymous with the domains of content and use? |
Semantics and Pragmatics are synonymous with the domains content and use |
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The domains of syntax , morphology and phonology reflect three elements of? |
Form |
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What is Semantics (content)? |
Refers to the rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations * What is it we are talking about |
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Give an example of Semantics? |
- Our knowledge of semantics tells us something is wrong with the sentence |