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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the Calvaria and what are its borders
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The Superior Portion of the head, alsoi known as the skull cap. From frontal to occipital
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What is pericranium
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The periosteum of the skull
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What is a Lamella
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a thin layer or plate of bone
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Diploe
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the layer of spongy bone between the two lamellae of the flat bones
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Suture and what is it
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Where the different cranial bones come together and it is a fibrous joint
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What are the different cranial sutures and what do they seperate
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Coronal, which is between the frontal and parietal. Lamboidal, which is occipital/parietal. Squamous, temporal from both the sphenoid/parietal. Sagittal, L/R parietal
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What is Fontanel
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an unossified spot or area of the infant skull
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What are the types of Frontanels and where are they located
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Anterior, Frontal/parietal. Posterior, parietal/occipital. mastoid, parietal/occipital/temporal. sphenoid, sphenoid/temporal/zygotmatic/frontal/parietal
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What is the Nerocranium and what is the make up of this structure
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The portion of the skull, which holds the brain. Made up of 8 bones: occipital, 2x parietal, frontal, 2x temporal, ethymoid, sphenoid
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What is the viserocranium, and what composes it
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The bones of the face. 14 bones: 2x inferior nasal concha, mandible, 2x maxilla, 2x palatine, 2x zygomatic, 2x lacrimal, 2x nasal, vomer
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What sutures are within the Calvaria
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coronal, sagittal and ends at lambdoid
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Where on the zygomatic bones is the Zygomaticofacial foramen found and what passes through it
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Middle of the zygomatic bone and anterior to the zygomaticotemporal foramen.
The zygomaticiofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve and vessels. |
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Where is the Zygomaticotemporal foramen
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On the zygomatic arch (temporal process) and the zygomaticotemporal nerves passes through
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Where is the maxillary tubercle
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rounded process at the lower part of infratemporal fossa. Most prominent after the growth of wisdom teath.
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What is the Pterion
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The space where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bone meet. It is weak!!
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What is the temporal fossa and what bones are included in it?
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A shallow depression that is deep to the zygomatic arch. The bones that are included in it are the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid.
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What is the Infratemporal Fossa?
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A weird shaped cavity that is inferior and medial to the zygomatic arch, running around styloid process to maxilla
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Where is the mastoid process found
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Posterior, inferior to the squamous part
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Where is the petrous part of the temporal bone? Whats located here?
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Wedged in the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Essential organs for hearing are found here
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Where is the median nuchal line and what is its origin and termination?
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The median nuchal line starts at the external occipital protuberence and travels inferiorly, passing the inferior nuchal line and then ends at the foramen magnum.
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Where is the condylar fossa found?
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Posterior to the occipital condyles, going medial from the fossa are the condylar canals
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Where is the basilar part of the occipital bone and what is located in the middle of it
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The basilar part is anterior to the foramen magnum and in the middle of the structure is the pharyngeal tubercle
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Where is the foramen lacerum located and what travels through it?
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It is located to either side of the anterior basilar, laterally. The internal carotid artery passes here
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Where is the stylomastoid foramen and what travels through it
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Located posterior laterally, almost immediately after the styloid process. it transmits the facial nerve
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Where is the jugular foramen
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immediately anterior to petrous border of temporal bone
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What sutures are within the Calvaria
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coronal, sagittal and ends at lambdoid
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Where on the zygomatic bones is the Zygomaticofacial foramen found and what passes through it
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Middle of the zygomatic bone and anterior to the zygomaticotemporal foramen.
The zygomaticiofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve and vessels. |
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Where is the Zygomaticotemporal foramen
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On the zygomatic arch (temporal process) and the zygomaticotemporal nerves passes through
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Where is the maxillary tubercle
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rounded process at the lower part of infratemporal fossa. Most prominent after the growth of wisdom teath.
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What is the Pterion
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The space where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bone meet. It is weak!!
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Carotid Canal
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Immedietely anterior to jugular fossa. The internal carotid originally enters the skull here before traveling anteriorly and medially to the foramen lacerum
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Petrotympanic fissure
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Medial to lateral running fissure, leading to the external acoustic meatus
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Articular tubercle
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bump that the zygomatic process comes off on the temporal bone
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What is in the Foramen ovale
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Mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, and emissary veins from the cavernous sinus and pterygoid plexus
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Whats in the foramen spinosum
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posterior accessory meningeal artery and accessory meningeal vein
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Sphenoid spine
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posterior to foramen spinosum
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Sphenopalatine foramen
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is the posterolateral wall of the nasal cavity. Attaches the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa. (THE DOOR)
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Pterygoid fossa
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In between the lateral and medial plate of the pterygoid laminae
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Choanae
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posterior nasal apeture, seperated by the vomer
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Where is the incisive foramen and what passes through it?
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Anterior bottom side of maxilla, and blood vessels and nevers can be found here
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Inferior Orbital fissure
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Inferior, lateral to the superior orbital fissure
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Mandibular notch
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goes from the anterior coronoid process to the posterior condylar process
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Mandibular foramen
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Inside the ramus of the mandible and the inferior alveolar branch of maxillary artery passes here, along with the nerver
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Mandibular lingula
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Sharp spine near the mandibular foramen
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Where is the Foramen cecum and what is clinically important
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frontal crest, anterior to the cribiform plate. Important because infections of the nose can use it to enter the meninges and then the brain
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Order of the Sella turica
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from anterior to posterior:
Tuberculum sellae leads down to the hypophyseal fossa and then to dorsum sellae. The pituitary gland is on the hypophyseal fossa |
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Fetal skull differences (6)
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1)no teeth
2)Small face 3)Ramus of mandiple almost in line with body 4)no mastoid process 5) thin, easily bent bones 6) Fontanels |
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Hyoid bone, processes and attachement
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Greater and lesser horns. Attached inferiorly along its length by the thyrohyoid membrance to the throid cartilage
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Atlantoaxial joint-median
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bilateral gliding joint between AP of atlas and axis. Between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas
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Atlantoaxial joint- lateral
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the zygapophyseal joint of the atlas to axis
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2 articulations of the median Atlantoaxial joint
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1) anterior surface of dens to inner aspect of anterior arch
2)posterior surface of dens and fibrocartilaginous face of transvers ligament |
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Nuchal ligament
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from C6 to external occipital protuberence and median nuch lines. Main function is provide muscle attachment without limiting extension
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PLL goes?
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All the way up to C2
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Transverse ligament of atlas
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from side to side behind the dens, attaching to small tubercles in the atlas
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Alar ligament
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from either side of apex of dens, pass upward and lateral to medial aspect of each occipital condyle. Superior to transverse ligament
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Apical ligament of dens
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arises from apex of dens (little horn at very top) and attaches to anterior margin of foramen magnum
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ALL
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up to C2
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Atlantooccipital ligament
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C1 to occipital condyle. Fibers which pass from upper border of anterior arch of atlas....nodding movement
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Atlantoaxial ligaments
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Strong, and between the lateral joints of the axis and atlas....side to side movement
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Atlantoaxial joints
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rotate skull and atlas together moves the face from side to side. the alar ligaments are the main check ligaments in rotatory movemtn
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Atlantooccipital joints
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flrxion and extension and lateral bending....no rotary here
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Temporalmandibular joint...type and movement
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its is a gliding synovial, only free movement in skull. It elevates, depresses, protracts, retracts, and laterally moves the mandible
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Stability of temporomandibular joint is from?
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Lateral ligament, capsule, sphenomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament, and the articular disk
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Tectorial Membrane
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The PLL from C2 and up
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Galea aponeurotica
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Aponeurosis of the head, uniting the frontalis and the occipitalis muscles
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Cervial fascia
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deep fascia, organized into 3 layers: superficial investing layer, pretracheal leayer and prevertebral layer
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Pretracheal layer of facia and buccopharyngeal fascia
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pre- covers the larynx, trachea, and splits to cover the thyroid gland
bucc-covers pharynx and posterior surface of esophagus |
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Infrahyoid muscles
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has 2 layers (superficial and deep) in the anterior half of neck. Both layers blend wityh cervical fascia along median.
Superficial- omohyoid, and sternohyoid Deep-thyrohyoid and sternothyroid |
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Infrahyoid muscle attachemtns
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both attach above hyoid bone
superficial- behind SCM and blenbds with superficial fascia posterior to SCM Deep- extends laterally to carotid sheath |
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Carotid Sheath
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holds the common carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
*posterior/medially to the sheath the cervical sympathetic trunk can be found |
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Retropharyngeal space
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the space between the pretracheal facia and prevertebral fascia. Closed bilaterally by carotid sheaths.
CONTAINED: lymph nodes and alar fascia |
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Frontalis func?
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Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
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Occipitais function?
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Draws scalp backwards
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Depressor anguli oris, f. and a.
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F- depresses corner of mouth
A- from mandible to corner of mouth |
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Zygomatic magor, f and a
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F- Draws angle of mouth upward and laterally
A-Zygomatic bone to corner of mouth |
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Levator labii superioris, a and f
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F- Raises upper lip
A- extends from infraorbital margin to upper lip |
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Depressor labii inferioris, a and f
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F- Depresses lower lip
A- Mandiple to lower lip |
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Levator anguli oris, a and f
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F- elevates corver of mouth
A- (Deep to levator labi) from maxilla below infraorbital foramen to corner of mouth |
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Orbicularis oris, a and f
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F- Close mouth and purse lips
A- around lips, blending with other muscles |
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Buccinator a and f
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F- presses cheeks against teach, which can help mastication
A- Principle substance of cheek. seperated from medial pterygoid by the pterygomandibular raphe (anterior too) |
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Procerus
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Extends from forehead to skin over nose and draaws the angle of the eyebrow down
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Nassalis
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compresses and widens anterior nasal aperture
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Depresser septi
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widens nasal aperture
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Platysma
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F- draw corner of mouth down, depresses the mandible and tenses skin of neck
A-From inferior border of mandiple down to mectoralis major and deltoid muscles |
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Temporalis, a f i
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F- elevates mandible and or retracts it
A- Temporal fossto coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible I- trigeminal nerve (CN 5) |
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Masseter, a f and i
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F- elevates mandible, clenches teeth and protracts mandible
A- inferior zygomatic arch to lateral surface of ramus/ coronoid process I- trigeminal nerver |
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What are the primary muscles of masstication
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masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid and a little bit of buccinator
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Medial pterygoid, a f i
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F- Elevates and protrudes mandible
A-(same position but deep to masseter) lateral surface of pterygoid plate to the mandibular angle I- Trigeminal (CN 5) |
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Lateral pterygoid, f a
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F- protraction, depression and side to side movement
A- lateral pterygoid plate to neck of mandible (under temporalis) |
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Sternocleidmastoid muscle
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F- bilater= elevation of chin and flexion of neck
uni= lateral flexion to same side A- manubriumish to mastoid process I- Accessory nerve (CN 11) and C1,2,3 |
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Omohyoid
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F-depresses and retracts hyoid
I- Ansa cervicalis |
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Sternohyoid
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F- Depresses hyoid bone
I- ansa cervicalis |
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Sternothyroid
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Depresses thyroid cartilage
Ansa Cervicalis |
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Thyrohyoid
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depresses hyoid bone and elevates thyroid cartilage
*C1 anterior primary ramus |
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Digastric
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F- both bellies raise the hyoid and steady it, help to open mouth and depress mandible
I- Facial(7) for posterior and mandibular (5) for anterior |
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Mylohyoid
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Floor of oral cavity
F- elevates hyoid bone and tongue I- mandibular (CN 5) |
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Geniohyoid
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adjacent to midline and deep to mylohyoid
F- pulls hyoid antero-superiorly N- c1, anterior primary ramus |
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Scalenes
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F- elevation of rib 1/2 and flexion of neck and rotation to opposite side
I- (anterior) C4,5,6 anterior primary Middle/posterior is just anterior primary rami of cervical spinal |
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Longus capitis
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C3-6 to Occipital bone
F- flexion of head on the atlas |
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Longus colli
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T3-C5 to C2-C6 (has 3 sections)
F- flexion of neck and slight rotation to the opposite side |
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Splenius muscles
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F- extension, lateral flexion and rotation of the head and neck to the same side
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Suboccipital muscle group/ triangle overall function
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Extend head and rotate/ flexion to the same side
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Suboccipital Contents
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4 muscles, vertebral artery passes medially, suboccipital nerve and the Greater occipital nerve runs superiorly across the triangle
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Stylohyoid
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originates from styloid process
F- elevates and retracts the hyoid I- facial nerve |
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Styloglossus
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Retracts and elevates the tongue
Superior to stylohyoid Hypoglossal nerve (CN12) |
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Genioglossus
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Protrudes tongue
CN 12 |
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Hypoglossus
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Depresses tongue
CN 12 |
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Name the cervical triangles
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Submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular
*posterior |
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Sublcavian Artery, origin and course
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Deep to subclavian and internal jugular veins. Arches up and laterally under clavicle, behind the anterior scalene muscle. Goes over rib 1 to enter the axilla
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Subclavian branches-
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VIT C & D
Vertebral artery Internal Thoracic artery Thyrocervical trunk Costocervical trunk |
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Thyrocervical trunk branches
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Inferior thyroid artery
suprascapular artery NOT IN LAB Transverse cervical artery Ascending cervical artery |
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Costocervical trunk
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passes posteriorly over cervical dome of lung and divides into the highest intercostal arteries (rib 1 and 2) and supplies semispinalis capitis/cervicis
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External Carotid Artery
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Branch that leaves carotid sheath, gives rise to 8 branches
"Some lovers find old positions more stimulating" |
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Name external carotid branches from inferior to superior
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Superior thyroid
lingual (to tip of tongue) Facial artery Occipital (posterior) Posterior Auricular artery (pos) Maxillary artery Superficial temporal |
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Branches of the maxillary artery
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Arises behind neck of mandible
-Middle meningeal artery (up to skull) -Muscular branches (mastification muscles) -Inferior Alveolar artery ( enters mandibular foramen to supply teeth) |
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Superficial temporal artery branch
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Transverse facial artery
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Superficial Venous drainage of head and neck
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Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein External jugular Anterior jugular Facial vein Occipital vein |
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Posterior Auricular vein
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Begins at plexus of veins in scalp behind the ear and descends accross upper part of SCM, and eventually unites with retormandibular vein
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How do the veins change on way to internal jugular
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reromandibular -> common trunk -> internal jugular
Facial -> common trunk -> internal jugular lingual -> common trunk -> internal |
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Retromandibular vein
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Is found near superficial temporal and maxillary veins, also receiving from the pterygoid plexus, it eventually leads to the common trunk, which is below the angle of the mandible
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Retromandibular vein posterior
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Joins with the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein
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Anterior jugular vein path
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Begins near hyoid from small veins of the submental and submandibular region. Descends along median line and eventually joins the anterior jugular vein of opposite side to pass behind the SCM and empty into the external jugular
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What vein does the occipital vein communicate with
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Posterior auricular vein and it also has branches that descend with the occipital artery in the suboccipital triangle
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Deep venous Drainage
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Internal jugular
Pharyngeal veins Common facial veins Lingual vein Superior thyroid veins Inferior thyroid vein |
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What empties into the internal jugular vein
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Pharyngeal vein (at angle of mand)
Common Facial vein (hyoid level) Superior thyroid vein (above thyroid cartilage) |
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Where does the pharyngeal veins arise from
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Arise from the venous plexus on the wall of the pharynx
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What composes the common facial vein or common trunk
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The facial vein+ retromandibular vein+ lingual
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Lingual vein
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from under tongue and goes to right below the common facial
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What empties into the braciocephalic veins
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Inferior Thyroid vein (behind manubrium)
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Inferior Thyroid Veins and what is anomaly
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Descends on surface of trachea to empty into R/L braciocephalic veins. If only a single vein then empties into the left braco and is called "throid ima vein"
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Brachiocephalic veins fromed
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From internal jugular and subclavian veins
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Lymphatic Drainage
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Superficial to deep
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Retropharnygeal lymph nodes
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Found in lateral area of retropharyngeal space. Drain from nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, hard and soft palate, middle ear and nasopharynx
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Deep lymphatics
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Aranged along blood groups
Jugulodigastric (superior) Lingual (middle) Jugulo-omohyoid (inferior) |
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Jugliodigastric nodes
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Large node in carotid triangle, anterior to internal jugular vein and inferior to angle of mandible. **at crossing of digastric muscle
Receives superficial drainage as well as drainage from retropharngeal, tongue, and palatine tonsils |
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Internal carotid turns into...
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Superior ophthalmic artery
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Muscular Branches of maxillary artery
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Massetic, deep temporal, buccal, pterygoid
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Last branch of maxillary a, gives rise to what, where?
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In pterygopalatine fossa
Posterior superior alveolar a Infrorbital branch-->anter superior alveolar branch |
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Posterior primary rami, cervical nerves
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Suboccipital, Greater occipital, and C3-6 muscles of posterior , occipital tertius
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Suboccipital nerve
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Posterior prim rami
C1 I- muscles of suboccipital triangle |
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Greater occipital nerve
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Poster prim rami
C2 Pierces semispinalis cap and trap with the occipital artery and ascends to back of scalp I- Occipital part of scalp and semispinalis cap |
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Occipital tertius
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Post prim rami
C3 I- skin of upper back, neck and skin of scalp in region of the external occipital protuberence |
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Cervical Plexus--motor and sensory
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Origin- C 1-4
Motor- geniohyoid, infrahyoid, anterior vertebral muscles Sensory- skin posterior and super to ear, anterior/lateral neck and above clavicle |
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Brachial Plexus--motor and sensory
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Origin- anterior prim rami C5-T1
Motor- muscles shoulder girdle and u. limbs Sens- upper limb |
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Components of Cervical plexus
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Ansa Cervicalis, phrenic nerve, cutaneous branches, contribute to accesory nerve, muscular branches
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Ansa Cervicalis-superior
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Motor
Superior Root- loop (C1 & C2) joins hypoglossal for short Descends in front of internal and common carotid |
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Ansa Cervicalis- inferior root
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Motor
Loop (C2-C3) Descends behind carotid sheath, and joins superior lateral to internal jug vein or between common carotid |
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Ansa Cervicalis branches
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Superior Root
Omohyoid nerve (for superior belly) Bottom of loop Sternothyroid Sternohyoid Omohyoid (to posterior belly) |
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What else comes off C1
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Thyrohyoid nerve and geniohyoid nerve, after superior root but still along hypoglossal
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