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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where are Montgomery's glands located |
Areola |
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Premature Thelarche |
Early development of the breasts before puberty without signs of hormone use such as pubic hair or menses |
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Peau d’orange |
Lymphatic obstruction in the breasts cause edema and exaggeration of the hair follicles, giving a pigskin or orange peal appearance |
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Cooper's ligament |
suspensory ligaments that support breast tissue |
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Location of tail of Spence and reason for checking it |
Upper lateral quadrant of breasts. It is a common site for breast cancer to development |
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Mastalgia |
Pain in the breast |
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Mastitis |
Inflammatory mass in breast accompanied by flu-like sx |
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gynecomastia |
Presence of a bilateral, tender, firm mass under nipple area in males. Caused by more estrogen than testosterone. In pts with Cushing syndrome it is caused by inability to metabolize estrogens |
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Mammary duct ectasia |
occurs in perimenopausal patients who have lactated. Can be purulent and take on different colors or consistencies |
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Skin tether in breast |
underlying crater below the nipple. Caused by fibrosis pulling the nipple inward. Recent retraction could indicate breast cancer |
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In a lactating female, what could the presence of a tender and red spot indicate |
Presence of a plugged duct |
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Best time to perform breast self-examination |
On days 4-7 of menstrual cycle, breasts are smallest at this time. |
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fibroadenoma |
Benign tumor that is usually self-detected in late adolescence. It is a freely moveable solitary mass. It feels firm and elastic. Cancerous tumors solid, hard, and dense with irregular borders |
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kyphosis |
humpback - bend in T spine |
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Differences between L and R lung |
R has 3 lobes and is shorter because of the presence of the liver. Left long is narrower because of the presence of the heart |
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Where is the highest point of the lung found for auscultation |
3-4 cm above clavicles on anterior side |
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How deep can chest percussion penetrate |
5-7 cm |
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Order when auscultating pt breath sounds |
Start at apices above clavicles and switch back and forth between lungs. Auscultate down to the 6th rib |
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Tactile fremitus |
tremulous vibration of the chest wall during speaking that is palpable on physical examination |
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Pleural effusion |
A buildup of fluids in pleural space between lungs and chest. Can cause partial collapse of a lung |
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Grade of a loud murmur with a palpable thrill |
4/6 |
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chordae tendineae |
Collangeous fibers that attach to the thin leaflets of the valves. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are anchored to the papillary muscles in the floor of the ventricles by the chordae tendineae. |
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Location of heart |
Between the second and the fifth intercostal spaces from the right edge of the sternum to the left midclavicular line |
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Four heart sounds |
S1: closure of AV valves, beginning of systole S2: closure of semilunar valves, end of systole S3: filling of ventricles with blood S4: end of diastole, atria contract |
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Location to auscultate mitral valve |
fifth L intercostal space at midclavicular line |
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Auscultate tricuspid valve |
lower left sternal border |
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Pulmonic valve location to auscultate |
second L intercostal space |
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Auscultate aortic valve |
second R intercostal space (remember that the noise is influenced by the direction of blood travel and not necessarily anatomical position) |
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Pericardial friction rub |
Caused by inflammation of the pericardium. Sounds like sand paper being rubbed together. Use diaphragm to hear this high pitched noise |
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P-wave |
represents depolarization of the atria |
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QRS complex |
simultaneous activation of L and R ventricles |
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Ventricular repolarization |
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dextrocardia |
rare condition where heart is on the R side |
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Coarctation of the aorta |
congenital condition where descending aorta is narrowed that results in diminished blood flow to lower extremities |
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Cholecystitis |
Inflammation of gallbladder due to the accumulation of bile. Pain is felt in R upper abdomen and radiates to the R shoulder |
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Sinus arrhythmia |
pulse rate that varies with respiration. Normally in children |
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Atherosclerosis |
Plaque buildup in arteries, this could lead to a bruit being heard because of turbulent flow |
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Indicated by pathological S3 |
Decreased ventricular compliance. May be earliest sign of heart failure |
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Thrill |
a vibration of the chest felt with palpation. It signifies turbulent flow |