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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Caecilians
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short, blunt tail (tail is everything behind the anus); blunt, bullet shaped head; segmented (primary annuli divided by secondary annuli); each segment generally has a vertebra; Vestigial eyes beneath skin
tentacles between nostrils and eyes for looking for stuff. Fossorial. Eat small invertebrates. Phallodeum for internal fertilization. Children eat mother's skin |
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Salamanders - Biology
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Terrestrial. Bi or triphasic. (newts, larvae/juvie/adult). In or out fertilization. Ovi or viviparous. Eats mostly invertebrates
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Salamanders - Characteristics
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No copulatory organ, just cloacae. Costal grooves
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Cryptobranchidae
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Asiatic giant salamanders/hellbenders
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Ambystomidae
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Mole salamanders
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Amphiumidae
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Amphiumids - little east coast swamp thingers with 4 useless legs
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Plethodontidae
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Lungless salamanders - important
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Salamandridae
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Newts, European salamanders
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Sirenidae
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Sirens (like amphiumids but with only two legs, feathery gills)
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Anura - biology
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Mostly external fertilization
Gas exchange thru lungs and skin Wide array of reproductive modes; Larvae (tadpoles) are mostly herbivorous; All adults are predators; Most have projectile tongues |
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Anura - characteristics
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Short tailless body
Broad flat head with big mouth Relatively long muscular hind legs (saltatory locomotion ie jumping) Robust pelvic girdle Urostyle (bone down back) |
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Ascaphidae
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Tailed frogs; fastflowing mountain streams; voiceless; “tail” is a copulatory organ for internal fertilization
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Pipidae
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Surinam and West African toads; completely aquatic; tongue-less frog; very dorsoventrally flattened; somersault-based mating
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Bufonidae
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Toads; Terrestrial anurans; Wart skin; Slightly poisonous to eat; Large parotid glands; Lay eggs in strings
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Hylidae
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Amero-Australian tree frogs; Arboreal frogs
Toe pads will be mentioned if you need to ID these; U-shaped snout profile; Doesn’t include poison dart frogs |
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Ranidae
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Most common frogs in US.
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Testudines - characteristics
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Four legs
Males have single erectile penis Anapsid skull - no temporal openings (no teeth; keratinous beak) Carapace (upper) and plastron (lower) with pleural scutes on side and marginal scutes around sides enclosing pectoral and pelvic girdles |
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Testudines - biology
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All oviparous; Most dig flask-shaped chamber before laying
herbivores, omnivores, carnivores Dermal osteoderms fuse to ribs etc to make the whole assembly into one big shell Habitat - deserts, fresh or brackish water, or completely marine |
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Pleurodira
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Side-necked turtles
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Cryptodira
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Hidden-necked turtles
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Chelonidae
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Sea turtles except for leatherbacks
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Chelydridae
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Snapping turtles. Their bodies sort of overflow from their bodies.
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Emydidae
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New World semiaquatic turtles and box turtles
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Tryonichidae
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Softshell turtles
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Testudinidae
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Tortoises. Skeletally different from box turtles. Elephantine legs. Favourite radite tortoise of madagascar
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Gavialidae
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Gharials - India - long noses - fish eaters - parental care - fast rivers
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Crocodilians - characteristics
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All have 4 well-developed limbs
Clear gestalt - long snout, toothy jaws, cylindrical bodies, laterally flat tail, dorsal armoring, thickly keratinized skin |
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Crocodilians - biology
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Oviparous
Semiaquatic predators Construct nest mounds of mud, vegetation, detritus Parental care common Males have penis et |
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Alligatoridae
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Alligators and caimans. American alligator - feeds on vertebrates
Chinese alligator - feeds on molluscs and small vertebrates Caimans - similar ecology to alligators. slow-moving water in central and south american lowlands |
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Crocodylidae
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Crocodiles and false gharials. Fourth tooth visible when mouth closed
Widespread in tropics/subtropics Freshwater, brackish marshes, mangrove forests All carnivores, but varied menus |
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Sphenodontidae
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Tuataras. 2 species in New Zealand. Lizard gestalt, stout body, large head, thick tail, erect spines on back
lack tympanum hear through jawbone like snakes, rudimentary hemipenes, Largely nocturnal, Oviparous, Prey on invertebrates lizards and seabirds |
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Squamata- characteristics
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Lizards/snakes. four limbs or limbless (all snakes, a few lizards)
Hemi-penes, Vomeronasal organ for taste and smell on roof of mouth Tympanum in lizards but not snakes |
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Squamata - biology
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Oviparous or viviparous
Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, you name it Habitat - desert, freshwater, marine |
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Chameleonidae
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Chameleons. Mostly in madagascar.
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Iguanidae
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Iguanas, anoles
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Gekkonidae
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Geckos. Have sticky toes.
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Scincidae
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Skinks. Shiny because of very smooth girls
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Anguidae
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Alligator lizards, (legless) glass lizards. Skink-like, but note rectangular scales
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Varanidae
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Monitors, goannas, komodo dragons. All have forked tongues. Supposedly ancestors of snakes.
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Viperidae
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Vipers. long fangs fold up whennot in use
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