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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tissues
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Aggregate cells designed to perform one or more functions
|
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Epithelium Tissue
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Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, + formas glands
Specific cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) Functional + morphological polarity Attached to an underlying basement membrane |
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Connective Tissue
|
Extracellular matrix supports structurally + functionally
Includes bone and cartilage |
|
Muscle Tissue
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Functional porperties of contraction allow movement
|
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Nerve Tissue
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Neurons revieve, transmit, + integrate informatino to control body
|
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What is blood tissue?
|
fluid connecticut tissue in the cardiovascular system
|
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How much blood is in an adult human?
|
6 Liters
|
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What is the function of blood?
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transport nutrients
transport wastes transport gases deliver hormones maintain homeostasis by a buffer system |
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What is hematocrit?
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percentage of formed elements in blood based upon volume
|
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What are the components of blood?
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erythrocytes
leukocytes thrombcytes plasma |
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What is the percentage of plasma in blood?
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55% plasma
45? formed elements |
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What is the hematocrit level for males and females?
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male 39-50%
female 35-45% |
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What are the formed elements in the blood?
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erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells) thrombocytes (platelets) |
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How many erythrocytes are in 1 mm3 of blood?
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4-5 millin/mm3
|
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How many leukocytes are in 1 mm3 of blood?
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6-9 million/mm3
|
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How many thrombocytes are in 1 mm3 of blood?
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200,000 -400,000/mm3
|
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What are the components of plasma, %?
|
water 91-92%
proteins 7-8% other components 1-2% |
|
What proteins are in plasma?
|
albumin (maitain osmotic pressure)
globulin (immune system molecules) firbinogen (fibrous net to prevent further blood loss) |
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What other components, besides protein and water, can be found in the plasma?
|
electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-, etc.)
nitrogenous compound (urea, uric acid, creatine) nutrients (glucose, AA, lipids) gases (CO2, O2, N2) regulatory substances (hormoes, enzymes) |
|
What is the structure of an erythrocyte?
|
biconcave disk
elastic, deformable 7.8 um diameter 2.6 um edge 0.8 um center |
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What do erythrocytes stain with?
|
eosin
|
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What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?
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120 day lifespan
|
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How are old erythrocytes removed?
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90% phagocytosed by macrophages in spleen, bone marrow, and liver
10% break down intravascualarly |
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What are the integral membrane proteins of erythrocytes?
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glycophorins
band 3 protein |
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What are the peripheral membrane proteins of erythrocytes?
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actin, adducin, band 4.1, spectrin
|
|
What is the function of membrane proteins in erythrocytes?
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network that laminates inner layer of membrane
junctional complexes stabilize prectrin tetramers |
|
How is blood type recognized by erythrocytes?
|
sugar groups on peripheral proteins (type: A,B,O)
|
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What is the structure and funciton of hemoglobin?
|
globulin alpha, beta, delta, and gamma
located on the large erythrocyte surface iron-bound gas exchange affinity for O2 |
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What is a leukocyte?
|
digestive cell containning lysosomes
|
|
What are granulocytes?
|
leukocytes with specific granules
segmented nucleus not dividing short lives |
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What are the different types of granulocytes, %?
|
neutrophils 55-60%
eosinophils 2-5% basophils 0-1% |
|
What are agranulocytes?
|
leukocytes that lack specific granules
not segmented actively dividing long lives |
|
What are the different types of arganulocytes, %?
|
lymphocytes 30-35%
monocytes 3-7% |
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What is the structure of a neutrophil?
|
10-12um diameter
multilobulated nucleus (2-4) females have 'barr body' or drum stick appendage on lobe of 1 nucleus |
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What are the granules of neutrophils?
|
specific granules
azurophilic granules tertiary granules |
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What is the function of specific granules in neutrophils?
|
release suring inflammatory response
nost numerous |
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What is the function of azurophilic granules in neutrophils?
|
larger, less numerous
similar to lysosomes (acid hydrolases) defensins (form channel in bacteria wall) contain myeloperoxidase (reactive bactericidal chlorines) |
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What is the function of tertiary granules in neutrophils?
|
contain enzymes secreted by cell
can insert ahesion molecules to cell membrane |
|
What is the function of neutrophils?
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first wave of defense, most numerous
active phagocytes at inflammatory site |
|
How do neutophils kill bacteria?
|
migrate to site of action in connective tissue
specific and azurophilic granules fuse with phagosome membrane kill bacteria |
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What is pus?
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dead bacteria and dead neutophils
|
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What is the structure of an eosinphil?
|
a leukocyte
10-12um diameter refractile crystalloid bodies |
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What is the funtion of an eosinphil?
|
kill larval parasites
opperate with mast cells in allergic reactions |
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What is the structure of a basophil?
|
leukocytes
numerous large granules (stain with basic dyes) heparin histamine acidic hydrolases |
|
What is the funciton of a basophil?
|
similar to mast cells
bind antibodies degranulate |
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What is the structure of lymphocyte?
|
a leukocyte
6-30um 90% are small lymphatic immune cells |
|
What are the different types of lymphcytes?
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T cells (long life, cell mediated immunity)
B cells (produce circulatin antibodies) NK cells (short life, kill certain virus infected cells) |
|
What is the structure of a monocyte?
|
largest WBC
originate in bone marrow indented cell nucleus is bean shaped |
|
What is the function of a monocyte?
|
precursor of mononuclear phagocytotic cells
differentiate into macrophages, osteoclasts, etc. |
|
What is the structure of a thrombocyte (platelet)?
|
2-3um diameter
disk shape glycocalyx coat, receptors microtubules (8-24), actin, myosin fibrogren, coagulation factors |
|
What is the funciton of a thrombocyte?
|
platelets derived from megakayoctes
survalence of blood vessels blood clot formation repair of injured tissue |
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What are the different types of T cells?
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cytotoxic (recognize antigens)
helper (induction of immuse response) supressor (downregulate T lymphocyte initiation) |
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What is the structure of bone marrow?
|
spongy bone in flat and long bones
sinusoid blood vessels covered by reticular tissue vascualr and hemopoetic |
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What is the funciton of bone marrow?
|
to produce erythrocytes and thrombocytes
new blood cells penetrate endothelium to enter circulation not active bone marrow is predominantely adipose (yellow) |
|
Formaiton of erythrocytes
|
proerythroblast
basophilic erythroblast polychromtophilic erythroblast orthochromatophilic erythroblast reticulocyte erythroblast erythrocyte |
|
Formation of neutrophil
|
myeloblast
promyeloblast neutrophilic myelocyte neutrophilic metamyelocyte neutrophil-band neutrophil |
|
Formaiton of eosinophil
|
myeloblast
promyeloblast eosinophilic myelocyte eosinophilic metamyelocyte eosinophil |
|
Formation of basophil
|
myeloblast
promyeloblast basophilic myelocyte basophilic metamyelocyte basophil |
|
Formation of platelets
|
multiple endimitoses
polyploidal cell (64n) single lbulated nucleus divided by membrane territory easy release to proximal sinusoid |
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What is the funciton of myofilaments?
|
responsible for muscle cell contraction
|
|
What are the two types of myofilaments?
|
thin filaments
thick filaments |
|
What is the structure of a thin filament?
|
6-8nm diameter
1um long composed primarily of actin fibrous actin (F-actin) globular actin (G-actin) |
|
What is the structure of a thick filament?
|
15nm diameter
1.5um long composed of myosin II 200-300 myosin II molecules in one filamen rod shaped tail projecting heads |
|
What is the single purpose muscle cells contain a large number of contractile filaments?
|
to produce mechanical work
|
|
What are the pincipal types of muscle?
|
striated (exhibit cross-striations)
smooth (do not exhibit cross-striations) |
|
What are the types of muscle, based upon location?
|
skeletal
visceral cardiac |
|
What is the structure of skeletal muscle?
Where can it be found? |
attach to bone
movement of axial and appendicular skeleton maintinance of body position and posture percise movement |
|
Where can smooth muscle be found it be found?
|
Tongue, pharynx, upper esophogas
|
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What is the structure of cardiac muscle?
Where can it be found? |
striated muscle
wall of the heart base of large veins that empty into heart |
|
What is characteristic about skeletal muscle?
|
multinucliated syncytium
"muscle fiber" long cylindrical |
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What connective tissues hold together muscle fibers?
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endomysium
perimysium epimysium |
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What is the structure and function of endomysium tissue?
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delicate layer of reticular fibers that immediately surround individual muscle fibers
|
|
What is the structure and function of perimysium tissue?
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thicker connective tissue that surround a bundle/fascicle of fibers
|
|
What is the structure and function of epimysium tissue?
|
a sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds a collection of fascicles
|
|
What are the different types of skeletal muscle?
|
Type I, slow oxidative fibers(red)
Type IIa, fast oxidative glycolytic fibers (white) Type IIb, fast glycolytic fibers (intermediate) |
|
How are types of skeletal muscles distinguished?
|
color when dyed
speed of contraction and relaxation |
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What is the structure and function of Type I skeletal muscle?
|
intermediate fibers contain many mitochondria and large amounts of cytochrome complexes and myoglobin
slow-twitch fatigue-resistant motor units (marathon runners) |
|
What is the structure and function of Type IIa skeletal muscle?
|
many mitochondria and a high myoglobin content
capable of anaerobic glycolysis fast-twitch fatigue-resistant motor units longer distance sprinters |
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What is the structure and function of Type IIb skeletal muscle?
|
large fibers will less myoglobin and fewer mitochondria
low oxidative enzymes high anaerobic enzyme activity on high amount of glycogen fast-twitch fatigue-prone units short distance sprinters, weightlifters |
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What is a myofibril?
|
the structural and functional subunit of a muscle fiber
composed of bundles of myofilaments |
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What are myofilaments?
|
inficifual filamentous polumers of myosin II, actin, and associated proteins
|
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What are the structural levels of muscle fiber, magnification?
|
skeletal muscle
muscle fascicle muscle fiber myofibril |
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What are the different bands of a myofibril?
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A band (actin, myosin, dark)
I band (unbound actin, light) Z line (dark border) H band (unbound myosin, light) M line (most central line) |
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What is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle?
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sacromere
|
|
What is the structure and function of a sacromere?
|
segment of myofibril between adjacent Z lines
resting 2-3um stretched 4um contracted 1um |
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What are the thin filament proteins?
|
F-actin
tropoyosin tropnin |
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What are the thick filament proteins?
|
myosin II
|
|
What is the structure and function of tropomyosin?
|
double helix of two polypeptides
forms filaments that run between F-actin when resting masks the myosin binding site on the actin molecule |
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What is the structure and function of trophin?
|
complex of three globular subunits
binds Ca2+ (essential step in the initiation of contraction) inhibits myosin-actin interaction |
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What is the structure and function of myosin II?
|
two polypeptide heavy chains (small globular projections at right angles)
four light chains rodshapped segments overlap |
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What are the names accesory porteins used in maintainning alighnment of thin and thick filaments?
|
titin
nebulin desmin dyomesin C protein dystrophin |
|
What is the structure and function of the protein titin?
|
accesory protein in muscle fiber forms elastic lattice anchoring Z lines
two springlike portions help stabalize prevents excessive stretching |
|
What is the structure and function of the protein nebulin?
|
accesory protein in muscle fiber helps anchor thin filaments to Z line
|
|
What is the structure and function of the protein desmin?
|
accesory protein in muscle fiber surrounds Z lines
stabilize cross-links between neighboring myofibrils |
|
What is the structure and function of the protein myomesin?
|
accesory protein in muscle fiber
myosin-binding protein holds thick filaments to M line |
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What is the structure and function of the protein C protein?
|
accesory protein in muscle fiber
myosin-binding protein holds thick filaments to M line |
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What is the structure and function of the protein dystrophin?
|
accesory protein in muscle fiber
link laminin |
|
What is the general contraciton cycle of skeletal muscle?
|
binding, hydrolysis, and release of ATP
|
|
What happens to the thin and thick filaments during contraction of a muscle?
|
filaments do not shorten but increase their overlap
thin filaments slide deep past thick filaments into the A band I bands and H bands shorten as Z disks are drawn closer |
|
What happens during the initiation of contraction of a muscle?
|
depolarization and Ca2+ release
sarcolemma is depolarized T tubules convey the wave of membrane depolarization to myofibrils, DHP alter conformation Ca2+ released into cystol A-I junctions via release channels high Ca2+ lvls continues contraction cycle |
|
What happens during the activation of actin in muscle fibers?
|
resting state-tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites
Ca2+ binding by troponin C results in conformational chnage, breaks TnI-actin bond tropomyosin shifts and uncovers myosin-binging site |
|
What happens during relaxation of a muscle?
|
low Ca2+ concentration
tropomyosin returns to resting state position Ca2+ pump in SR membrane is bound |
|
What is a motor unit of muscle cells?
|
neuron and innervating muscles
"all of none law" unison |
|
What are the types of innervations of skeletal muscle?
|
myoneural junction
muscle spindle (stretch receptor) Golgi tendon organ |
|
What are the structural components of the myoneural junction?
|
axon terminal lacks myelin, has Schwann cell
synaptic cleft sarcolemmal incaginations (junctional folds) postsynaptic membrane (acetylcholine receptors) sarcoplasm (mitochondria, ribosomes, rER) |
|
What is the sarcoplastic reliculum?
|
modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum
surrounds myofilaments |
|
What happens in the conduction of nerve impulse across a myoneural junction?
|
presynaptic membrane is depolarized
voltafe-gates Ca2+ channels open rise in cytosolic Ca2+ releases acetylcholine into synaptic cleft acetylcholine binds to receptors of postsynaptic membrane results in a depolarization degradation of acetylcholine ends the signal recycling of acetylcholine |
|
What is the structure of the muscle spindle (stretch receptor)?
|
fluid filled periaxial space is bound by connective tissue
contains 10 modified skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by norma skeletal muscles |
|
What is the funciton of the muscle spindle (stretch receptor)?
|
stretching of a muscle-stretches the spindle
stimulates afferent nervve endings response is dependent upon rate and duration or stretch |
|
What is the structure and function of the Golgi tendon organ in the mucles cells?
|
collagen fibers sitmulated too strenuously on tendon
counteracts the effects of muscle spindles |
|
What are the general features of cardiac muscle cells?
|
contract spontaneously
display rhythmic beat branching connections central nuclei glycogen granules doorly defined myofibrils do not regenerate |
|
What are the structural components of cardiac muscle cells?
|
T tubules are larger that skeletal muscle, lined by lamina
dyads-contain T tubule and SR calcium ions abundant mitochondria atrial granules intercalated disks connective tissue elements Purkinje fibers |
|
How do calcium ions act in cardia muscle cells?
|
Ca2+ leaks into carcoplams at slow rate during relaxation (autonomic rhythm)
Ca2+ released from SR in response contraction is dependent on concentratio of Ca2+ |
|
What are intercalated disks in muscle cells?
|
comples step-like junctions between adjacent cardiac muscle cells
|
|
What are Purkinje fibers?
|
modified cardiac muscle cells in bundle of His
conduction with a few myofibrils |
|
What is the structure of smooth muscle?
|
nonstriated, fusiform cells
varriable lengths regenerate central nucleus (corkscrew shape when contracted) mitochondris, RER, and Golgi concentrated at poles of nucleus sarcolemmal vesicles (Ca2+ movement) nexus gap junctions |
|
What is the difference between skeletal and smooth muscle thick filaments?
|
skeletal-myosin molecules are opposite
smooth-myosin molecules all point in same direction |
|
What happens in the contraction of smooth muscle?
|
slower and longer contraction
transient increase in Ca2+ inhibitory effect is eliminated in the presence of Ca2+ |
|
What happens in the initial contraction of smooth muscle?
|
vascular smooth muscle triggered by nerve impulse
visceral smooth muscle is triggered by stretching of muscle and spreading of signal |
|
What nerves innervate the smooth muscle?
|
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
|
|
What are some contractile nonmuscle cells?
|
moyepithelial cells
myofibroblasts |
|
What is the general stuctrue of connective tissue?
|
tissue primarily of extracellular matrix (ground substance, fibers, fluid)
|
|
What is the general function of connective tissue?
|
supports
medium for exchange protects repairs stores fat |
|
What are the most common collagen types in connective tissue proper? What are they composed of?
|
type I
type III tropocollagen |
|
What are the different cell types associated with connective tissue? (resident/transient)?
|
fibroblasts (resident)
pericytes (resident) adipose tissue (resident) mast cells (resident) macrophages (transient) lypmhoid cells (transient) plasma cells (transient) granulocytes (transient) |
|
What are the two different types of fibroblasts?
|
active fibroblasts
quiescent fibroblasts |
|
From where are fibroblasts formed?
|
asire from mesenchymal cells
|
|
What is the structure of a fibroblast?
|
within connective tissue proper
two or more nuclei oval nucleus |
|
What is the structure and funtion of active fibroblasts?
|
spindle-shaped (fusiform)
well developed rER and Gogli produce procollagen and other extracellular components |
|
What is the structure and function of Quiescent fibroblasts?
|
small flattened cells
little rER inactive (except during wound healing) |
|
From where are pericytes formed?
|
arise from embryonic mesenchymal cells
|
|
What is the structure of a pericyte?
|
small characterists of smooth muscle and endothelial cells
smaller than fibroblasts located along capillaries with basil lamina |
|
What is the function of a pericyte?
|
function as contractile cells that modify cappilary blood flow
differentiate into smooth muscle cells and endothelial during wound healing |
|
From where are adipose cells formed?
|
arise from mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts
|
|
What is the function of an adipose cell?
|
synthesis, storage, and release of fat
|
|
What are the types of adipose tissue?
|
unilocular
multilocular |
|
What is the structure and function of a unilocular adipose cell?
|
contain a single fat droplet
appear white peripheral nucleus receptors for insulin and other hormones control uptake and release of free fatty acids and triglycerides |
|
What is the structure of multilocular adipose cells?
|
contain many small fat droplets
appear brown central spherical nucleus |
|
What are mast cells formed from?
|
arise from myeloid stem cells during hemopiesis
|
|
What is the structure of a mast cell?
|
largest cell of connective tissue proper
central spherical nucleus well developed Golgi scant rER |
|
What is the function of a mast cell?
|
contain secondary and primary mediators
mediate immediate hypersensitivity (allergic reactions) degranulation occurs from second exposure and binding of IgE |
|
What are macrophages formed from?
|
originate in bone marrow as monocytes
|
|
What is the principle function of macrophages?
|
phagocytosing cells
remove large particulate matter assist in immune resopnse |
|
What is the structure of a macrophage?
|
eccentric kidney-shape mucleus
vacuoles, lysosomes, residual bodies |
|
What are lymphoid cells formed from?
|
arise from lymphoid stem cells during hemopoiesis
|
|
What are the different types of lymphoid cells?
|
T cells (cell mediated immune respone)
B cells (differentiate to plasma cells, body/humoral immune response) NK cells (cytotoxic activity on tumor cells) |
|
What are plasma cells formed from?
|
arise from activated B lymphocytes
|
|
What is the structure of a plasma cell?
|
clumps of heterochromatin in wheel spoke form
ovid cell plae nucleus abundant rER |
|
What is the function of a plasma cell?
|
humoral immunity
anti-body manufacturing cells |
|
What are the classifications of connective tissue?
|
embryonic
proper |
|
What are the types of embryonic connective tissue?
|
muscous tissue (loose connective umbilical cord)
mesenchymal tissue (only in embryo, smorphous matrix) |
|
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
|
loose conenective tissue (vascularized, flexible, fewer fibers, more abundant)
Dense connective tissue (irregular-dermis, organs; regular-tendons, ligaments) |
|
What is the general structure of the extracellular matrix?
|
organized meshwork of macromolecules
ground substance fibers |
|
What are the different proteins in the ground substance?
|
GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
proteoglycans glycoproteins fibronectin receptors |
|
What is the structure of GAG proteins?
|
glycosaminoglycans
repeating disaccharide with one amino sugar sulfated strong=negative charge large volume |
|
What are the types of GAG proteins?
|
hyaluronic acid (connective tissues, not sulfated)
chondoitin sulfate, dermatin sulfate (bone, cartilage; skin) heparin, heparan sulfate (lungs) keratan sulfate (nucleus pulposus) |
|
What is the structure and function of proteroglycans?
|
core protein of GASs
binding sites for growth factors and signaling molecules |
|
What are the different glycoproteins?
|
fibronectin (cell adhesion molecule)
laminin (basal laminae anchor) entactin tenascin chondronectin osteonectin |
|
What are the different types of extracellular fibers?
|
collagen
elastic fibers |
|
What are the steps in intracellular collagen synthesis?
|
preprocollagen synthesis (mRNA)
hydroxylation (rER) attachement of sugars (glycosylation in rER) procollagen formation (triple-helix, rER) addition of carbohydrates (Golgi) secretion of procollagen |
|
What are the steps in extracellular collagen synthesis?
|
clevage of procollagen ends
self-assembly covalent bond (cross-link) |
|
What are the most common collagen fiber types?
|
I
II III IV V VII |
|
What is the formation, location, and funciton of type I collagen?
|
fibroblast, osteoblast, odontoblast
dermin of skin, bone, tendon, ligaments, fibrocartilage resists tension |
|
What is the formation, location, and funciton of type II collagen?
|
chondroblasts
hyaline cartilage resists intemittent pressure |
|
What is the formation, location, and funciton of type III collagen?
|
fibroblast, schwann cell, hepatocyte, reticular cell
visceral organs structural framework in expandable organs |
|
What is the formation, location, and funciton of type IV collagen?
|
endothelial, epithelial
basal lamina support and filtration muscle, schwann external lamina scaffold for cell migration |
|
What is the formation, location, and funciton of type V collagen?
|
mesenchymal cell
placenta unknown |
|
What is the formation, location, and funciton of type VII collagen?
|
keratinocyte
dermal-epidermal junction secures lamina densa |
|
What are the components of elastic fiber?
|
elastin
fibrillin |
|
What is the structure of elastic fibers?
|
amorphous structural proteins
elasticity to matrix composed of elastin and fibrillin |
|
What are the structural divisions of nervous tissue?
|
central nerous sysytem (brain, spinal cord)
peripheral nervous system (nerves, ganglia) |
|
What are the funcitonal divisions of nervous tissue?
|
sensory
motor (somatic, autonomic) |
|
What types of cells are containned within nervous tissue?
|
neurons (conduct immpulases)
neruroglial (support) |
|
What is the histogenesis of the nervous system?
|
neruoepithelium
neural plate thickens and differentiates nerual groove nerual tube (spinal cord, brain) neural crest cells stem |
|
What are the different morphological classificaitons of neurons?
|
unipolar (single process)
pseudounipolar (single branching process) bipolar (single axon, dendrite) multipolar (most common) |
|
What are the functional classifications of nerurons?
|
sensory (to CNS)
interneurons (connect) motor (from CNS) |
|
What is the structure of the neruron?
|
cell body
dendrites (recieve stimuli) axons (transmit away) |
|
What are the characteristic components of neuronal cell bodies?
|
large central nucleus
nissl bodies (clumps of polysomes, rER) Gogli close to nucleus scattered mitochondria neurofilaments, microtubules, microfilments granules |
|
What is the strucutre and funciton of dentrites?
|
arborized terminals
lack Golgi abundant mitochondria spines increase area recieve stimuli, transmit to soma |
|
What is the structure and function of axons?
|
contain collaterals (perpendicular branches)
can be long processes (100cm) |
|
What are the functions of neuroglial cells?
|
support and protect neurons
|
|
What are the different types of neuroglial cells?
|
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes schwann cells microglia (phagocytic) ependymal cells (epithelial cells) |
|
What is the structure and function or astrocytes?
|
neuroglial cell that passess pedicles
protoplasmic (gray matter) fibrous (white matter) sealed barried structural support scar tissue |
|
What is the structure and function of oligodendrdrocytes?
|
live symbiotically with neurons
gray and white matter produce myelin |
|
What is the structure and function of Schwann cells?
|
few mitochondria
create myelin sheath around an axon |
|
What are nerve synapses?
|
functional appositions for transmitting signals
|
|
What are the different classifications of synapses?
|
axodendritic
axosomatic axoaxonic sendrodendritic |
|
What are the different methods of synapse signal transmission?
|
chemical synapses
electrical synapses |
|
What are the characteristcs of chemical synapses?
|
most common neruon-neruon synapse
only neruon muscle synapse slight delay contain neurotransmitters (acetylchoiline) |
|
What are the characteristics of electrical synapses?
|
movement of ions between neurons via gap junctions
almost instantaneous |
|
What are neurotransmitters?
|
diffusing chemical substances in synapse
produced, stored, and released by presynaptic neurons |
|
What is the structure of a synapse?
|
acon terminals
preynaptic membrane (voltage-gated Ca2+) postsynaptic membrane (receptors) synaptic cleft (20-30nm wide space) synaptic vesicles (transport neurotransmitters to membranes) |
|
What are the types of nerve fibers?
|
myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier internodes |
|
What is the structure and function of the myelin sheath fibers?
|
produced by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
spiral layers of plasma membrane present in lenght of axon |
|
What are the nodes of ranvier?
|
regions along axons that lack myelin
discontinuities between adjacent Schwann cells |
|
What are the connective tissues that surrond nerves?
|
epineurium (external coat)
perineurium (surrond bundle/fascicle, tight junctions) endoneurium (thing reticular fibers) |
|
What are ganglia, types?
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aggregations of neruonal cell bodies
autonomic ganglia (motor) craniospinal ganglia (sensory, dorsal root, pseudounipolar) |
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What is the distophysiology of nervous tissue?
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resting membrane potential
action potential axonal transport |
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What are the characteristics of resting membrane potential in neurons?
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exists across plasma membrane
maintained by K+ leak channels and Na+-K+ pump no net movement of K+ ions |
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How is the action portential in neurons generated?
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stimulus creates depolarization
threshold reached-voltage gated Na+ channels allow Na+ to enter cell reversal of resting potential voltage-gated K+ channels triggered by depolarization to repolarize (open longer) |
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How is the action potential in neurons propogated?
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longitudial diffusion of Na+ ions depolarizes adjacent membranes
most rapid in myeliniated fibers |
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What are the two types of axonal transports?
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anteroretrograde transport (away from soma)
retrograde transport (toward soma for recycling) |
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What is the structe and function of the somatic nervous system?
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contains sensory fibers
innervate skeletal muscle propogate voluntary movement |
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What is the structure and function of the autonomic nerous system?
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regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
maintain homeostasis sympathetic and parasympathetic systems function antagonistically |
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What are the types of autonomic nerves?
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pregangionic fibers to autonomic ganglion of CNS
postganglionic fibers to effector organ |
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What is the function of the sympathetic system?
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vasoconstriction
increase HR, BP, and respiration |
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What is the funciton of the parasympathetic system?
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secretomotor
decreases HR, BP, and respiration |
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What is the structure of the CNS?
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white matter (myelinated nerve fibers, neuroglial cells)
gray matter (unmelinated neuronal bodies) meninges cerebrospinal fluid |
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What is the structure of gray matter in the spinal cord?
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appears in the shape of a central 'H'
central canal dorsal horns (sensory) ventral horns (motor, multipolar) |
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What is the structure of the gray matter in the brain?
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peripheral (cortex)
purkinjie cell layer excitatrory and inhibitory impulasis basal ganglia in cerebrum |
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What are the meninges?
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membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord in the CNS
(dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) |
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What is the structure and function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
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choroid plesus
water, ions, protein nouraishes brain and spinal cord |
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What is characteristic about nerve tissue's degeneration and regeneration?
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neurons of CNS cannot divide
regeneration or proximal axonal segment |
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What are the classifications of epithelia based upon?
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number of cell layers
shaper of superficial layer |
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What is the shape and location of simple squamous cells?
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flattened, single layer
lining of blood vessels (endothelium, mesothelium) |
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What is the shape and location of simple cuboidal cells?
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cuboidal, single layer
lining of kidney, ovary, ducts |
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What is the shape and location of simple comlumnar cells?
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columnar, single layer
lining of intestine, stomach, excretory glands |
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What is the shape and location of pseudostratified cells?
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falsely stratified, single basal layer (all attached to basal lamina, not all reach lumen)
lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity |
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What is the shape and location of stratified squamous cells (nonkeratinized)?
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flattened, multiple layers
lining of esophagus, vagina, mouth |
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What is the shape and location of stratified squamous (kerateinized)?
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flattened (no nuclei), multiple layers
epidermis of skin |
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What is the shape and location of stratified cuboidal cells?
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cuboidal, multiple layers
lining of ducts in sweat glands |
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What is the shape and location of stratified columnar cells?
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columnar, multiple layers
lining of large excretory ducts |
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What is the shape and location of transitional cells?
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dome-shaped to flattened
lining of urinary passages |
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What are the functions of epithelial cells?
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transcellular transport (diffusion of gases, carrier protein and vesicle mediated transport)
absorption secretion selective permeability protection |
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What are the different types of lateral and basal junctions? (from apex to base)
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tight junctions
intermediate junctions desmosomes gap junctions hemidesmosomes |
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What is the structure and function of tight junctions?
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zonula occludens
surrounds apical perimeter fusion of outer leaflets integral membrane proteins |
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What is the structure and function of intermediate junctions?
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zonula adherens
surround the entire perimeter actin filaments E-cadherin ribbon adhesion zone |
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What is the structure and function of desomsomes?
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macula aherens
dense plaque (desmoplakins) keratin filaments glycoproteins |
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What is the structure and function of gap junctions?
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communicating junctions
couple adjacent cells metabolically and electrically ordered 12 subunits of connexons (open and closed conformation) |
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What is the structure of the basal lamina?
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extracellular supportive structure
type IV collagen (some I, III), laminin, entactin, proteoglycans lamina lucida lamina densa |
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What is the structure and funciton of hemidesmosomes?
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adhesion of basal cells
dense cytoplasmic plaque link to extracellular matrix |
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What is the structure and function of basal plasma-membrane infoldings?
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ion-transporting epithlia
deep invaginations that compartmentalize increase SA bring ion pumps close to mitochondria |
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What is the structure of the apical epithelial surface?
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microvilli
seriocilia cilia |
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What is the structure and function of microvilli?
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projections of epithelia
nine triplets extend into a lumen increasse SA glycocalyx actin filaments with terminal web connection brush border in kidney (proximal tube cells) striated border of intestine (absorptive cells) |
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What is the structure and function of sterocilia?
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very long mucrovilli
epididymis and vas deferend of male reproductive tract |
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What is the structure and function of cilia axoneme?
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actively motile propel substances (effective and resting stroke)
longitudinal microtubules 9 doublets+2 configuration (ciliary dynein arms, radial spokes, central sheath, and nexin) without central microtubules cilia would only spin |
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What is the structure and function of cilia basal body?
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base of each cilium
(9+0) configuration 9 triplet microtubules |
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What are the classifications of multicellular exocine glands?
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duct branching (simple, compound)
shape of secretory unit (alveolar-sac/flask, tubular) |
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What are the types of glands?
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exocrine (secrete into a duct or surface)
endocrine (secrete into bloodstream, no duct) paracrine (secrete into extracellular space) |
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What do multicellular exocrine glands secrete?
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mucus
serous secretions (water, enzymes) mixed secretions |
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What are the different mechanisms for multicelluar exocrine secretion?
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merocrine (parotid-releases just contents)
apocrine (marramry-part of apical cytoplasm released with contents) holocrine (sebaceous-entire cell with contents released) |