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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Merging rhythm and blues and Gospel music
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Soul
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made legal segregation unconstitutional and jumpstarted civil rights movement (1954)
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Brown vs Board of Education of topeka kansas
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Blacks demand social changes and racial equality
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Martin Luther king
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Blacks become optimistic hopes of freedom
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ascent of soul music
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King assasinated, blacks become pessimistic
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descent of soul music
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Ascent and decline of soul music mirrored that of the civil rights movement
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.........
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normally did not address directly in music, used?
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as rallying cries
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Soul is sense of pride in being black, cultural solidarity, aligning oneself with black consciousness and culture
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.........
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Hairstyles of blacks
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Afro
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"soul food"
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ribs, chitins, collard greens
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Raw, gritty, powerful sound
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Rural SOuth
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smoother, pop-oriented sound
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Northern cities
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Pride, struggle, love, hope, ecstacy, pain, sorrow
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Emotional expression of black experience in 1960s
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First fusion of R&B and gospel in landmark record " i got a women" became blueprint for soul music. Formula transformed tradition hym "i got a savior, way over jordan" into "i got a women" and adding r&b beat
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Ray Charles
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"SOul Brother #1" "the godfather of soul", "the hardest working man in show business"
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James Brown
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Incorporated backup band, Emcee, Choreography, Exciting live performances, Atleast 10 costume changes, Cast of 2 dozen
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Characteristics of a Stage Show
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At Apollo theatre in front of tough Harlem audience, Tour de force of grit, sweat, power, and raw energy, heroin black community, new crossover appeal to whites
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Live at the Apollo
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Stripped of all unnecessary elements, distilled to essence: rhythm
Brown shrieked, screamed, grunted, wailed (“Good God!”) Melodic and harmonic instruments in band played in short, staccato, nonmelodic ways—turned into rhythm instruments Entire band patchwork quilt of polyrhythms Minimalist concept: simple one or two-bar repeating phrases to create a trancelike effect |
Characteristic of music at Apollo
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Good looks
Suave and debonair image Sophisticated musical settings Warm, velvety croon Sweet, soulful, restrained delivery Appealed to everyone Mostly crooning, romantic ballads |
Sam Cooke
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one of gospel’s most popular groups
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Soul Stirrers
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Was inspiration when in Highway QC band, Cooke was chosen to replace lead vocalist
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Soul Stirrers
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Sam Cooke was chosen to replace lead vocalist for
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Soul Stirrers
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Went under the name Dale Cook (to not upset gospel fans) in his conversion to pop music. fans were shocked and outraged
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Sam Cooke
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o Untimely Death…
Picked up young model took to motel and reportedly sexually assaulted her • Model escaped • Cooke went looking for her outraged • Night manager of motel shot him in self defense |
Sam Cooke
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o Founded by songwriter, producer Barry Gordy for $800 (1959)
o Sign at front door reading “Hitsville, USA” o Largest black owned business in US in 1960’s o Tightly controlled business run by Gordy and his family |
Motown
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Brought young, black talent in off streets of Detroit
Groomed and cultivated them Back up with highly polished production Sell to largest possible crossover audience Friday meetings to vote on whether to release each of that week’s recordings |
Motown
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• Finishing School (Maxine Powell)
• Dance Lessons with choreographer • Stage presence • Music production to fit individual sound of each artist • Record distribution • Talent agency: artist contracts, management, touring schedules |
Assembly Line
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Thick in horns strings and background vocals backed by rhythm section with hard driving beat (“The Sound of Young America”) based off Wall of Sound
Overdubbing of strings, horns, percussion on top of rhythm section/vocals • Multi-track tape recorders that allow recording of additional parts independently of each other while listening to previously recorded tracks with head phones Core was in-house rhythm section (Funk Brothers) o Core of Funk Brothers was James Jamerson on electric bass Developed syncopated bass style Pop-oriented Snakepit- nickname of recording studio • Tiny room in basement |
Motown
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Most successful writing team at Motown
46 Top Forty Hits (12 went to #1) (from 1963-1967) |
Holland/Dozier/Holland
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Artists angered of Gordy’s stingy contracts
Overbearing control over artists HDH team left Gordy finally sold for $61 million |
Decline of Motown
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• “America’s greatest living poet”
• Primary writer/producer for Miracles o Wrote love songs about passion, loneliness, forgiveness Used clever rhyming schemes and metaphors • Falsetto singing (sing in high voice above natural range) |
Smokey Robinson and the Miracles (Motown)
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• Five school girls
• “Mr.Postman” became Motown’s 1st #1 pop hit |
The Marvelettes (motown)
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• Signed with Motown at age 10
• Played all instruments himself, produced, sung, wrote songs |
Stevie Wonder (motown)
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• Grew up singing and playing organ at father’s church
• Cocaine abusing lifestyle caused self-inflicted anguish • Father shot him to death |
Marvin Gaye (motown)
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• Gritty lead vocal of Levi Stubbs
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The Four Tops (motown)
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• Most commercially successful male vocal group of 1960s
• Precise choreography—best of any Motown groups |
The Temptations (motown)
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• Most commercially successful of all Motown groups
• 10/14 releases went to #1 • Diana Ross |
The Supremes (motown)
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• Worked as secretary at Motown
• Earthiest and most soulful |
Martha and the Vandellas (motown)
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under fathers management
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Jackson 5 (motown)
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In Memphis (same time as Motown)
Evolved with large doses of luck Unique transracial environment—no prejudice against blacks/whites Started by Jim Stewart in friend’s garage called Satellite Moved to abandoned Capital Theatre—bad conditions • Had attached record store/concession stand Wexler impressed with raw energy |
Stax the beginning
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“Soulsville, USA” on theatre marquee
Variety of in-house songwriters Sound • Raw, gritty, powerful, emotional • Bare bones instrumentations • Very tight, yet uncluttered groove • Horns scored in punchy unison lines and chords • Generally no vocal harmonies or backup vocals Everything done in live and spontaneous environment Stax is more punchier, direct, emotional, not as overly produced, and more authentic than Motown |
Characteristics of Stax
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“Green Onions”
Both black and whites in the band Memphis version of Funk Brothers |
Booker T. and the MG's
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Most important in-house song writers at Stax
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Issac Hayes/David Potter
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Atlantic wrote clause in fine print giving them ownership of all master tapes
Dr. Martin Luther King assassinated just a few blocks away Tensions between white and black employees Questionable accounting practices involving IRS |
Demise of Stax
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• Tried to make name for himself, not many hits
• Performed with Bar-Kays “(Sittin’ on) The Dock of the Bay” • Died in plane crash—only #1 hit after dead |
Ortis Redding (stax)
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• “In the Midnight Hour”
• “Wicked Pickett” bc roughly hewn aggressive style and husky voice |
Wilson Pickett (stax)
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• Classic soul anthem “Soul Man”
• Exciting live shows • Dave shot wife in domestic dispute/drug problems |
Sam and Dave (stax)
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• Brought many artists to Stax (also screwed them over in Atlantic agreement)
• Brought Aretha Franklin to the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section |
Jenny Wexler (stax)
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• Rick Hall opened it started small
• Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section- famous in house band |
FAME studios (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) (stax)
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• Columbia Records was first recording contract
o Signed with John Hammond o Tried making her into jazz/pop singer o 1 hit in 6 years (10 albums) –not success • Gospel music influence since father was pastor |
Arethra Franklin (stax)
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Arethra Franklin Left Columbia and signed with Jerry Wexler at Atlantic
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o Went to Muscle Shoals (I Never Loved a Man (the Way I Love You))
o Under Wexler she was allowed to do what did best o Career sky rocketed o Took Muscle Shoals with her to New York Studio o Gave songs definitive soul renditions o Fine pianist and composer o Ecstatic, gospel-filled voice |
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Brill Building Pop
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story lines related to teens. not offensive to adults
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Aldon Music
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preferred writers to work in pairs
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Leiber and Stoler
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Architects of early pop/rock, formula of telling mini stories with humerous lyrics, paid attention to every detail
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Phil Spector
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most important pop producer. sensed all girl groups would succeed
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The Wall of Sound
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combined large instrumental groups with multi tracking. (makes biggest sound possible)
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Dick dale
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1st important surf band. imitate sound of waves
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Instrumental rock
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before surf bands. similar to surf music but no reference to surfing
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Brian Wilson
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Most talented, primary songwriter, responsible for pet sounds
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Pet Sounds
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Songs about young mans difficult coming to age.
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Good Vibrations
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"mini symphony"
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Bacharach and David
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lyrics contained adult storylines that were straight forward and clever
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Pomus and Shuman
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Wrote for drifters and Elvis
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The Monkees
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got famous from ad placed in magazine, bubblegum
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