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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
chemical
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any substances that has a defined composition (p. 4)
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chemical reaction
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the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances (p. 5, p. 260)
A rearrangement of the atoms that make up the reactant or reactants. |
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states of matter
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the physical forms of matter, which are: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma (p. 6)
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reactant
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a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction (p. 8)
(left side) |
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product
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a substance that forms in a chemical reaction (p. 8)
(right side) |
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Are the following materials solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature?
milk oxygen helium steel granite gasoline |
milk--liquid
helium--gas granite--solid oxygen--gas steel--solid gasoline--liquid |
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motion of particles in a solid
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particles are held in a tightly rigid structure
they vibrate only slightly |
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motion of particles in a liquid
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particles slip past one another
a liquid can flow and take the shape of its container |
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motion of particles in a gas
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particles weakly attract one another and move independently at high speed
Gases will fill any container they occupy as their particles move apart |
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3 ways chemicals occur
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*exist naturally (water, carbon dioxide)
*manufactured (polyethylene) *taken from natural materials (aluminum) |
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What items around you are composed of chemicals?
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Everything, food, air, clothes, water, paper, yourself
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Why are chemical reactions necessary?
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For living things to grow and for dead things to decay.
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Examples of chemical reactions
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--cook food
--take a photograph --strike a match --switch on a flashlight --start a gasoline engine |
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What is all matter made up of?
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particles
The type and arrangement of the particles in a sample of matter determine the properties of the matter. |
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What are the three states of matter?
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solid, liquid, gas
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Why does each state of matter have a particular volume and shape?
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Results from the way their particles are arranged
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Describe a solid.
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fixed volume and shape
particles held tightly in a rigid structure they vibrate only slightly |
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Describe a liquid
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*fixed volume but not a fixed shape
*not held together strongly particles slip past one another (like grains of sand) Liquid can flow and take the shape of its container |
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Describe a gas
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no fixed volume and no fixed shape
Particles weakly attract one another and move independently at high speed Gases will fill any container they occupy as their particles move apart. |
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Plasma
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The most visible matter in the universe.
A gas whose particles have broken apart and are charged. |
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Other states of matter
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Bose-Einstein condensates at very low temperatures
neutron star |
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Name some changes of matter.
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*ice cube melts
*bicycle's spokes rust *red shirt fades *water fogs a mirror *milk sours |
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Name two categories of changes of matter
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physical changes
+ chemical changes |
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physical changes
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Changes in which the identity of a substance doesn't change
However, the arrangement, location, and speed of the particles that make up the substance may change. |
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examples of physical change
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1) water goes from ice, to water, to steam--arrangement of particles change, but particles stay water particles
2) sugar dissolves in tea--sugar mixes in, but particles are still sugar 3) crushing a rock--particles separate but do not change identity |
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chemical changes
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The identities of substances change and new substances form.
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examples of chemical change
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mercury (II) oxide --> mercury + oxygen
limestone --heat--> lime + carbon dioxide carbon dioxide + sodium phenoxide --> sodium salicylate |
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the evolution of a gas
(evidence of chemical change) |
acetic acid (in vinegar) + sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) --> carbon dioxide
the solution bubbles or there is a change in odor |
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the formation of a precipitate
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sodium sulfide + cadmium nitrate --> cadmium sulfide
a solid precipitate forms or two clear solutions are mixed and become cloudy, a precipitate has formed |
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the release or absorption of energy
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aluminum reacts with iron(III) oxide in the clay pot, energy is released as heat and light
a change in temperature or the giving off of light energy are signs of an energy transfer |
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A color change in the reaction system
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Phenolphthalein + ammonia dissolved in water
A color change from colorless to pink occurs. Look for a different color when two chemicals react. |
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What is the rearrangement of the reactant or reactants?
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a chemical reaction
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After a rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction where are those same atoms present?
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In the product or products.
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Are atoms destroyed or created during a chemical reaction?
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No
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Does mass change during a chemical reaction?
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No
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What are the 4 observations that suggest a chemical change is occurring?
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1) formation of a gas
2) formation of a precipitate 3) release or absorption of energy 4) color change in the reaction system |