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31 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Metabolism |
The set of chemical reactions that keep all cells and organisms alive. |
1. ____ contains two parts: synthesis and decomposition. 2. ____ are enzyme-catalyzed reactions. |
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Biosynthesis |
Reactions within cell body that combine small, simple organic molecules to form more complex compounds for cell growth and maintenance. |
1. ____ combines proteins and nucleic acids. 2. image |
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Decomposition |
Reactions within cell body that breaking down organic food molecules to simpler forms and release energy. |
1. Organisms with some of the energy from ____ to make ATP. 2. Simple compounds produces by ____ can also serve as carbon skeletons in biosynthesis. |
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Cell respiration |
A series of reactions that release energy by breaking down sugars and other substances to carbon dioxide and water. |
1. ____ is a decomposition pathway that provides the energy cells need to function. 2. Each step in ____ is catalyzed by an enzyme. |
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Aerobic |
One type of cell respiration in where oxygen is the oxidizing agent that receives electrons from the decomposed substrates. |
1. The raw materials for aerobic respiration are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. 2. image |
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Anaerobic |
One type of cell respiration that occurs when there is not enough oxygen and releases lesser energy that aerobic respiration. |
1. The substrate of ____ may be only partly decomposed, releasing less energy. 2. A nitrogen or sulfur compound may substitute for oxygen in a ____ respiration. |
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Fermentation |
A metabolic process which occurs in yeast and bacteria that converts sugar to acids, gasses an |
1. The science of fermentation is known as zymology. 2. When ____ takes place, it becomes the cell's primary means of ATP production. |
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Glycolysis |
The first stage of aerobic respiration in which enzymes partially oxidize glucose and split it into two 3-carbon molecules. |
1. The partial oxidation in ____ releases enough energy to form a small amount of ATP 2. image |
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Glucose |
A sugar that is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide. |
1. C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for ____. 2. ____ is stored as a polymer, |
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Krebs Cycle |
The second stage of aerobic respiration that releases carbon dioxide as a gas. |
1. ____ begins as pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria. 2. ____ completes the decomposition and oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide. |
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NAD+/NADH |
Two coenzymes that are found in all living cells that can convert between each other. |
1. Both of ____ occur in the Krebs cycle. 2. NAD+ is the reactants and NADH is the result in the Krebs cycle. |
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FAD/FADH2 |
Two cofactors that involved in several important reactions in metabolism. |
1. Both of ____ occur in the Krebs cycle. 2. FAD is the reactants and FADH2 is the result in the Krebs cycle. |
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Electron Transport System |
A system that consists of a series of easily produced and oxidized enzymes and other protein. |
1. ____ creates a electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. 2. The ____ separates hydrogen atoms into electrons and protons. |
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ATP |
A coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms. |
1. ____ only carries little amount of usable energy. 2. image |
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Pyruvate |
A 3-carbon compound that's made from glucose in the process of glycolysis. |
1. ____ is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids. 2. image |
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Lactate |
Another 3-carbon acid formed at the end of glycolysis other that pyruvate. |
1. image 2. There is a anaerobic pathway called lactic-acid fermentation. |
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Lactic acid fermentation |
An anaerobic pathway occurs at the end of glycolysis. |
1. ____ occurs in some bacteria and animal cells, such as muscle cells. 2. image |
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Mitochondrion |
The organelles in which the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system occur. |
1. ____ are called the powerhouses pf the cell because they are the sites where most ATP is synthesized. 2. image |
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Matrix |
The tissue between cells in which more specialized structures are embedded; a specific part of the mitochondrion that is the sight of oxidation of organic molecules. |
1. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices. 2. image |
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Cristae |
a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, it gives the inner membrane its wrinkle shape which provide a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur on. |
1. Since the Mitochondrion requires oxygen, ____ are studded with oxygen. 2. image |
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Acetate |
A negative ion typically found in aqueous solution. |
1.image 2. ____ is often written with the chemical formula C2H3O2−. |
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Citrate |
An intermediate in the Krebs cycle,creates a central metabolic pathway. |
1. image 2. citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA to form citrate. |
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coenzyme A/acetyl CoA |
A carrier molecule binds to the acetate. |
1. image 2. All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it |
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Cytochromes |
Hemeproteins containing heme groups and are primarily responsible . |
1. They are found ei or as subunits of bigger enzymatic complexes that catalyze redox reactions. 2. image |
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Facultative aerobes |
Some bacteria that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. |
1. A good example would be the oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration. 2. image |
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Obligate anaerobes |
Some bacteria that generate ATP entirely from fermentation or anaerobic respiration. They are poisoned by oxygen. |
1. image 2. Examples of obligately anaerobic fungal genera include the rumen fungi Neocallimastix, Piromonas, and Sphaeromonas. |
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Obligate aerobes |
Organisms that cannot survive for long without oxygen. |
1. Most animals are ____. 2. Most fungi are____. |
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Hydrolysis |
Digestive glands supply enzymes to your stomach and intestines that break the bonds between neighboring amino acids until the protein is completely decomposed. |
1. It is called ____ because the components of water are inserted into the bond to break it. 2.image |
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Oxidize |
In a reaction, the chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized |
1. involves the transfer of electrons between chemical species. 2. image |
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Reduce |
Part of a reduction-oxidation reaction in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. |
1. image |
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ATP synthesis |
A process that synthesis ATP. |
1. Without oxygen, most of the fat cannot be transferred to ATP 2. image |