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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The two distinct regions of the skin
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epidermis
dermis |
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Composed of epithelial cells and is the outermost protective shield of the body
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epidermis
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Underlying layer make up the bulk of the skin. It is tough, leathery layer composed of fibrous connective tissue
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dermis
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What is the dermis composed of?
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fibrous connective tissue
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Out of the two layers, which ones are vascular and avascular?
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epidermis: avascular (gets nutrients by diffusion through the tissue fluid from the blood vessels in the dermis)
dermis: vascular |
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Subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin?
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hypodermis
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What part of the skin thickens when one gains weight?
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hypodermis
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Anchors skin to the underlying structures(muscles) but allows them to slide freely over the structures?
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hypodermis
also known as the superficial fascia |
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Why is the hypodermis known also as superficial fascia?
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because it is right above the tough connective tissue fascia (tissue wraps around muscles) of the skeletal muscles
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Epidermis is made of what type of tissue?
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kerantinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Cells of the epidermis (4)
KMLM |
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells
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These produce keratin
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keratinocytes
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a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis protective properties
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keratin
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What forms a callus?
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persistent friction of epidermis
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What does the hypodermis do for the body?
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acts as an insulator and shock absorber
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What do keratinocytes do?
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They produce keratin. They are at the deepest layer undergoing continuous mitosis. They are being pushed up, as they go up they produce more and more kertain until it consumes the cell. Once they reach the top they are simply dead keratin filled plasma membranes.
In high abrasion areas, they increase productivity of these keratinocytes |
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Millions of these rub off daily?
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keratinocytes (dead keratin filled plasma membranes)
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Spider shaped epithelia cells that synthesize the pigment melanin?
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melanocytes
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Describe synthesis of melanin.
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-In the deepest layer of the epidermis melanin is made
It is then accumlated in the melanosomes -Melanosomes move along the actin filaments to the end of melanocytes processes At these ends of processes, keratinocytes pick it up |
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These carry melanin and move along actin filaments to the end of melanocytes processes to be picked up by keratinocyte?
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melanosomes
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What accumulate on the superficial side of the keratinocyte nucleus and form a pigment shield that protects the nucleus from the damaging effects of UV radiation and sunlight?
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melanin granules
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Phagocytes that arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis to ingest foreign substances and help activate the immune system?
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Langerhans cells
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Where do Langerhans cells come from? Where do they go?
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bone marrow and they go to the epidermis
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Sensory receptor for touch in the epidermis?
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merkel cells
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Where are Merkel cells present?
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epidermal dermal junction
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Thick skin consists of?
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the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet
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Thin skin consists of?
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the rest of the body except the palms, fingertips and soles of the feet.
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What does the think skin not have?
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stratum lucidum
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Stratum Basal
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deepest epidermal area
single row of cells nuclei show rapid division melanocytes, some merkel cells |
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Stratum Basal is also known as?
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stratum germinatium
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Order of the 5 layers of the epidermis:
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1) stratum basale
2) stratum spinosum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum lucidum 5) stratum corneum |
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Several layers thick, contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of prekeratin?
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stratum spinosum
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This layer of the epidermis has the most abundant Langerhan cells?
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stratum spinosum
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Keratinocytes appear irregular in shape in this layer?
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stratum spinosum
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Keratinocytes appear irregular in shape, they are called?
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prickle cells
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Thin layer, consists of 3 to 5 cell layers, this is where keratinocytes appearance changes drastically?
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Stratum Granulosum
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How does the keratinocytes appearance change drastically in the stratum granulosom?
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their nuclei flatten and their organelles begin to disintegrate :(
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Two types of granules accumulate in stratum granulosum?
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1) keratohyaline granules
2) lamellated granules |
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These help to form keratin the upper levels
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keratohyliane granules
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Contain a waterproofing glycolipid that is in extracellular space, responsible for slowing water loss across the epidermis?
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lamellated granules
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How do keratincytes toughen up?
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They get lipids from the lamellated granules to coat their surface and become more resistant
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This is the layer where epidermal cells are too far from the dermal capillaries, so they die?
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stratum granulosum
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Known as the clear layer, consists of a few rows of clear, flat, dead kertinocytes?
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stratum lucidum (clear layer)
**not in thin skin** |
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Produces a gummy substance that clings to the keratin filaments in the cells, causing them to aggregate in parallel arrays?
Happens in what layer? |
keratinhylaine granule
in stratum lucidum (clear layer-only in thick skin) |
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Known as the horny layer, consists of 20-30 layers, that provides a durable overcoat for the body?
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stratum corneum
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This layer is waterproof by the glycolipid?
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stratum corneum
glycolipid is from the stratum granulom layer- from the lamellated granule |
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This layer protects deeper cells from the hostile environment, water loss and from biological, chemical and physical assaults?
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stratum corneum
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Where do hair follicles, oil and sweat glands reside?
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they are dervived from epidermal tissue but they reside in the dermis
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Dermis two layers
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papillary layer and reticular
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Areolar connective tissue in which collagen and elastin fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavy in blood vessels?
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papillary layer
"connective tissue of the dermis heavy in blood vessels" |
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touch receptors of the dermal papillae
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meisshers corpuscles
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Increase friction and enhance gripping ability of the fingers and feet, they are genetically determined and unique?
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epidermal ridges-fingerprints
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What cause the epidermal ridges?
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dermal papillae lying atop the large mounds of the dermal ridges
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They indent the overlying epidermis and contain capillary loops, nerve endings and touch receptors?
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dermal papillae
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80% of thickness of the dermis
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reticular layer
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Reticular layer is made of what kind of connective tissue?
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dense irregular connective tissue
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Network of blood vessels that lies between the hypodermis and the reticular layer and nourishes the reticular layer?
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cutaneous plexus
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Formed by separations or less dense regions in the reticular layer?
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Cleavage
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Cleavage lines run longitudinal in the?
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skin of the head and limbs
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Cleavage lines run circular patterns in the?
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neck and trunk
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To make an incision on the cleavage lines, what would you do to promote rapid healing?
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you would make the incision parallel to these lines
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Dermal folds that occur at or near joints and is more tightly secured to deeper structures?
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flexure lines
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What 3 main things are in the reticular layer?
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cutaneous plexus, flexure lines, cleavage lines
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3 pigments that contribute to skin color
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1) melanin
2) carotene 3) hemoglobin |
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Melanin synthesis depends on an enzyme found in melanocytes called?
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tyrosinase
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Dark skin peoples melanocytes do what?
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they produce more and darker melanosomes
and their keratinocytes retain it longer |
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Local accumulations of melanin
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freckles
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What stimulates melanocytes activity?
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the sun
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What pigment helps protect DNA of viable skin cells from UV radiation?
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melanin
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What is it called when hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated and skin appears blue? Often happens in heart failure and seven respiratory disorders
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cyanosis
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The colors of melanin range from what?
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yellow to black
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Carotene colors range from what?
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yellow to orange
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Where is carotene found?
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in plant products such as carrots
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Where does carotene accumulate in the skin?
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stratum corneum and hypodermis
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Where is the color of carotene most obvious in the body?
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palms and soles where stratum corneum is thickest
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If you were to eat alot of carrots what would happen to your skin?
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your palms and soles of your feet would turn orange or yellow!!!!
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What type of people have variations of melanin and carotene?
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asian people
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How does hemoglobin color show through the skin? And who does it happen to?
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This happens to fair skinned cacuasion people, who has little melanin in their skin. So their epidermis is almost transparent letting the pink hue of hemoglobin to show through.
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Appendages of the skin consist of: (5)
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nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and hair
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What is the key to forming any of the skins appendages?
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the formation of the epithelial bud
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What stimulates an epithelial bud to form?
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reduction in cadherin (cell adhension)
cell attraction is broken and cells can rearrange themselves allowing the bud to form |
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2 types of sweat glands
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1) eccrine sweat glands
2) apocrine sweat glands |
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merocrine glands found on the palms, soles of the feet and forehead
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eccrine sweat glands
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eccrine sweat glands
aka suboriferous glands |
simple tubular gland (unbranched tubes)
secretory part lies coiled in the dermis and duct extends to open in a funnel shaped pore |
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eccrine sweat glands consists of what?
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99percent water and some salts
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Sweating is regulated by what part of the nervous system?
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sympathetic automatic nervous system
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These are the sweat glands that are larger and the ducts empty into hair follicles?
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apocrine sweat glands
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Apocrine sweat gland contains the same components of sweat but with two other things?
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fatty substances and proteins
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These glands are confined to the axillary and anogenital areas?
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apocrine sweat glands
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Sweat glands secrete an odorless milky, yellowish color?
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apocrine sweat glands
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The sweat gland that begins functioning at puberty by the influence of adrogens?
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apocrine gland
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Ceruminous glands
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Modified apocrine sweat gland that is found in the lining of the external ear canal. It secretes cerumen (ear wax)
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Blocks entry of foreign material into the ear
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cerumen (ear wax)
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Mammary glands
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specialized sweat glands that secrete milk.
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Sweat gland that is part of the female reproductive organs?
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mammary glands
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Simple branched alvelolar glands that are found all over the body except the palms and soles?
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sebaceous glands (oil)
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Where are the sebaceous glands large on the body?
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face, neck and upper chest
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What do the sebaceous glands secrete?
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sebum
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This holocrine gland accumlates lipids till it bursts?
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sebaceous gland
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Where is sebum located and what does sebum do for the body?
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it is located in the hair follicle or pore on skin surface
it softens and lubricates the hair and skin |
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What stimulates sebum secretion?
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adrogens (hormones)
relatively inactive in childhood |
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Active inflammation of the sabaceous glands?
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acne
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Sebum oxidizes and dries and darkens?
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blackhead
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Sebaceous gland duct is blocked by accumlated sebum?
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whitehead
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fold down from the epidermal surface into the dermis, can even hit the hypodermis?
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hair follicles
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deep end of the follicle located 4mm below skin surface and expanded?
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hair bulb
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The actively growing region of hair?
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hair bulb
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sensory nerve endings that wrap around each bulb
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hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus
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when you bend the hair you stimulate these ends?
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hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus
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nipple like bit of dermal tissue protrudes into the hair bulb, it contains capillaries and supplies nutrients to the growing hair?
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hair papilla
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makes up the wall of the hair follicle, derived from the dermis?
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connective tissue root sheath
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has external and internal parts, it thins as it approaches the hair bulb so that only a single layer is covering the papilla?
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epithelia root sheath
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the part of the hair that produces the hair?
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hair buldge
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How is hair produced?
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chemicals are sent from the papilla to the hair buldge, and their migrate to the papilla and they divide to produce hair cells
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associated with each follicle is bundle of smooth muscle cells that pulls the hair follicle upright?
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arrector pili
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Arrector pili functions? (2)
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It is smooth muscles that their contraction pulls the hair follicle upright
It also dimples the skin surface to produce goose bumps in response to cool temps or fear |
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Body hair of children and adult female. It is pale and fine.
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vellus hair
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Coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows and scalp is?
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terminal hair
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Where do terminal hairs appear?
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In axillary and pubic regions of both sexes
On the face and chest of males |
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What stimulates the hair growth of terminal hairs?
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Stimulated by male sex hormones called adrogens.
When male hormones are present in large amounts, terminal hair growth is luxuriant. |
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Hair follicle growth cycle. The part where the follicle ranges from weeks to years and its followed by a regressive phase?
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growth phase
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where hair matrix cells die and follicle then enters the resting phase?
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regressive phase
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What happens after the resting phase in hair growth cycle?
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the matrix proliferates and forms a new hair to replace the old one
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What determines the life span of hair?
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its under the control of proteins
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Hair thinning is called?
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alopecia (balding)
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what is it called when hairs are not replaced as fast they shed?
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alopecia (balding)
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hair loss begins at the anterior hairline and progresses posteriorly?
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alopecia (balding)
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In alopecia the coarse terminal hairs are replaced with what?
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vellus hair
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Genetically determined, sex influenced hair loss condition?
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male battern baldness
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What causes male pattern baldness?
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A delayed actIon gene that "switches on" in adulthood and changes the response of hair follicles to DHT
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DHT
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a metabolite of testerone
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What are the growth cycles in male pattern baldness?
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They are short growth cycles to the point that hair does not even appear. If it does appear it is in the form of vellus hairs that look like fuzz
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Scalelike modification of the epidermis that forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of the finger or toe?
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nail
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Contains hard keratin?
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nails
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The visible attached portion of the nail?
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free edge body
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The embedded part in the skin of the nail?
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free edge- root
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Deeper layers of the epidermis that extend beneath the nail?
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nail bed
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Superficial keratinized layers?
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the nail itself
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thickened proximal portion of the nail bed that is responsible for nail growth?
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nail matrix
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Nail growth process?
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Cells are produced by the matrix and get heavily keratinized, the nail body (free surface body) slides over the nail bed.
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Why do nails normally appear pink?
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Due to the rich capillaries in the underlying dermis
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white crescent part of the nail is called?
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lunula
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proximal nail fold on the nail body "on the nail"
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eponychium (cuticle)
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"below the nail" called the quick region beneath the free edge of the nail where dirt and debree accumulate?
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hyponychium
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low ph of skin secretions retards multiplication of bacteria in the integumentary system?
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acid mantle
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a natural antibiotic secreted by skin cells that punches holes in bacteria making them look like sieves?
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human defensin
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wounded skin releases large quantities of protective peptides called?
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cathelicidins
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these are effective in preventing infection of group A streptococus bacteria?
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cathelicidins
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certain plants such as posion ivy and poison oak that do penetrate the skin in limited amounts?
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oleoresins
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substances that dissolve cell lipids that penetrate the skin?
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organic solvent
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drug agents that ferry other drugs into the body penetrate the skin in limited amounts are called?
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penetration enhancers
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substances such as lead and mercury that penetrate the skin?
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salts of heavy metals
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Langerhan cells in the epidermis bring foreign substances(antigens) to what?
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lymphocytes (white blood cells)
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Second line of defense to dispose viruses and bacteria that have managed to penetrate the epidermis, also antigen presenters?
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dermal macrophages
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Remarkably effective biologically based sunscreen, where the electrons convert radiation/uv to harmless heat?
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DNA
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What happens when body temperature rises, what does the body do to regulate this?
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The dermal blood vessels dilate
stimulates the sweat glands into vigourous secretory activity evaporation of sweat dissipates body heat and effciently cools the body, preventing overheating |
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When external temperature is cold, what does the body do to regulate this?
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First the dermal vessels constrict, this causes warm blood to bypass the skin temporarily which allows the skin temp to drop to that of the external environment which slows down the passive body heat loss and conserves it instead
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Skin exteroceptors (respond to stimuli outside the body) that are part of the nervous system?
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cutaneous sensory receptors
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What alerts us to bumps or contacts involving deep pressure?
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pacinlan corpuscles
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What enzyme deters wrinkles?
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collagenase (aids in the natural turnover of collagen)
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What part of the skin can hold large volumes of blood?
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dermal vascular supply
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If muscles need greater blood supply the nervous system get its from where?
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constricts the dermal circulation
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What is found to disable a tumor supressor gene?
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UV radiation
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A protein that causes genetically damaged skin cells to commit suicide?
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fas
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What accelerates the production of "fas"? What are the effects of the increase in production?
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sunburned skin
it reduces the risk of mutations that will cause sun-linked skin cancer |
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What is happening on a cellular level when the skin peels after being sunbrunt?
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It is the death of these gene damaged cells
(so its kinda good to get sunburnt instead of tan) |
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the tiny oily vesicles filed with enzymes that initate repair of the DNA mutation most commonly caused by sunlight?
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liposomes
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in skin lotions that can fix damaged DNA before they develop into cancer cells?
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liposomes
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Where does this least malignant and most common skin cancer arise (what skin layer)?
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stratum basal
basal cell carcinoma |
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Where are the most common areas of basal cell carcinoma?
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sun exposed areas of the face
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This skin cancer appears as a shiny, dome-shaped nodule that later develops a central ulcer with a pearly, beaded edge?
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basal cell carcinoma
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How do you cure basal cell carcinoma?
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full cure by surgical excision
because metastais seldom occurs before its visible |
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Where does squamous cell carcinoma arise from?
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arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
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This skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Where does squamous cell carinoma usualy appear?
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most often found on head(scap), ears, lower lip, hands
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What is the growth of squamous cell carcinoma? Can it be cured?
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grows rapidly and metasize if not removed.
It can be cured if caught early and its removed surgically or by radiation therapy. A chance of a complete cure is good. |
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The cancer of melanocytes?
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melanoma
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Why is melanoma the most dangerous skin cancer?
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-it metasizes fast
-it is resistent to chemotherapy |
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This skin cancer can begin whereever there is pigment, and it is a brown to black patch?
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melanoma
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What is the growth rate of melanoma? Can it be cured?
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It metasizes fast to the surrounding lymph and blood vessels.The key to survival is early detection but it is a poor chance. It is done by surgical and immunotherapy
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ABCD rule
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Asymmetry (two sides dont match)
Border (borders exhibits indentions) Color (contains several colors blacks,browns, tans) Diameter (spot is larger than 6mm in diamter) Elevation (above the skin surface) used to recognize melanoma |
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Tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all which denature the cells proteins an cause cell death in affected areas?
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Burn
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What is the immediate threat to life from a sever burn?
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loss of body fluids containing proteins and elctrolytes
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This happens when there is inadequate blood circulation due to reduced blood volume?
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circulatory shock
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Divides the body in 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the body surface burned?
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rule of nines
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Loss of body fluids that contains proteins and electrolytes leads to what events?
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dehydration- renal shutdown and circulatory shock
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What is the leading cause of death in burn victims?
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infection because the lack of skin barrier and immune system is deficient within 1 to 2 days
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What is done in recovery for burn victims?
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replace fluids with IV
consume extra calories (gastric tubes and IV) |
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Only epidermis is damaged. The symptoms is localized redness, swelling and pain. What type of burn?
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first degree burn (partial thickness burn)
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What is the recovery for first degree burn? An example of a first degree burn?
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heal in 2 to 3 days
SUNBURN |
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Injured the epidermis and upper region of the dermis. Symptoms same as 1st degree but with added blisters. What type of burn?
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second degree burn (partial thickness burn)
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The entire thickness of skin appears gray-white, cherry red, blackened. There is little or no edema. What type of burn?
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third degree burn
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Why is there no pain in a third degree burn?
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nerve ending have been destroyed
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Treatment for third degree burn?
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skin graft
(burned skin removed, area flooded with antibiotics, synthetic membrane, or amniotic sac membrane, it can be rejected by patients immune system, NOW have synthetic skin made of silcone epidermis from own patients skin) |
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Burns are critical if....
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-25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
-10% of the body has 3rd degree burns -third degree burns of face, hands, feet |
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burned skin
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eschar
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