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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Perichondrium
|
forms capsule around cartilage
made of Dense Irregular CT |
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Fibrocartilage Location
|
Knee Joint
Pubic symphysis in b/w vertebrae |
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Hyaline Location
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Nose
Hip Wrist Joints (Rest of body) |
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Elastic Location
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Ear
|
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Skeletal Cartilage Growth
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Apositional growth
Interstitial growth |
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Apositional growth
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Chondroblasts in perichondrium divide & secrete new cartilage along inside edge of perichondrium
|
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Interstitial growth
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Chondrocytes in lacunae divide & secrete new matrix
|
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Regions of the Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton |
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Axial Skeleton
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Skull
Vertebral column Ribcage -Ribs -Sternum |
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Limb girdles
(attach limb to axial skeleton |) Limbs |
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Types of Bone
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Long bones
Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones Sutural or Wormian bones |
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Long bones
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-Greater length than width
-Consists mainly of compact bone tissue, some spongy bone -Include bones of thigh, legs, toes, arms, forearms & fingers |
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Short bones
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-Kinda cube-shaped & about = in length/width
-Spongy except @ surface(thin layer of compact bone) -wrist & anklebones |
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Flat bones
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-Thin
-Composed of // plates of compact bone surrounding spongy bone -Found in cranium, sternum & ribs scapulas |
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Irregular bones
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-complex shapes
-can't be in other categories -varying amounts of compact & spongy bones -vertebrae & certain facial bones |
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Sesamoid bones
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-small bones in tendons where considerable pressure is exerted (e.g. wrist)
-vary from person to person [but everyone has patella] |
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Sutural or
Wormian bones |
-small bones b/w joints of certain cranial bones
-vary from person to person |
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Functions of Bone
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-Support
-Protection -Movement -Mineral storage & homeostasis -Site of blood cell production -Storage of energy |
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Bone Function:
Support |
-framework for body
-points of attachment for skeletal muscle |
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Bone Function:
Protection |
-protects internal organs from injury
(e.g. skull/ribcage protect brain/<3/lungs) |
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Bone Function:
Movement |
-Skeletal muscle attach to bones, pulling bones together when muscle contracts
|
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Bone Function:
Mineral storage & homeostasis |
-bones store minerals e.g. calcium, phosphorous can be distributed throughout the body
|
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Bone Function:
Site of blood cell production |
-in certain bones, RBCs are produced during process of 'hematopiesis'
-red bone marrow = source of RBS (flat) -found in developing bones, pelvis, ribs, breastbone, backbones, skull & ends of arm bones & thigh bones |
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Bone Function:
Storage of energy |
lipids stored in yellow(fat) bone marrow
(long bones) |
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hematopiesis
|
blood cell production
|
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Gross Anatomy of a Flat Bone
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Compact bone - outside
Spongy bone - inside |
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Anatomical Regions |
-Diaphysis
-Epiphysis -Epipshyseal Line -Periosteum -Articular Cartilage -Compact bond -Spongy bone -Medullary Cavity |
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Diaphysis
|
shaft
middle |
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Epiphysis
(epiphyses pl.) |
ends
proximal & distal |
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Epiphyseal Line
(plate) |
-growth plate
-marks anatomical boarder b/w epipshysis & diaphysis |
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Periosteum
|
Layer of CT
|
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Articular Cartilage
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reduce joint friction
(smooth) |
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Compact bone
|
2nd most superficial
|
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Spingy bone
|
ends & by edge of
Medullary Cavity |
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Medullary Cavity
|
center
marrow cavity |
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Anatomical Regions |
-Spongy bone
-Compact bone -Articular cartilage -Periosteum (Sharpey's fibers) -Endosteum -Nutrient Arteries |
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Histology of Bone
Cell Types |
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts |
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Osteoprogenitor cells
|
-embryonic stem cell
-in periosteum, endosteum & canals w/ blood vessels -mitosis --> osteoblasts |
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Osteoblasts
|
-secrete matrix of bone
-found on bone tissue surface -form bone but can't divide by mitosis -form collagen & other compounds needed to build bone |
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Osteocytes
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-mature bone cells
-isolated in bony matrix -maintain daily cellular activity of bone |
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Osteoclasts
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surface of bone tissues & function in bone resorption
|
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compact bone
|
resist compression but easy to snap in half
|
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spongy bone
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resists bending
(but not compression) |
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Lamellae
|
layers of bone matrix
mineral =hydroxyapatite |
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Osteon
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Haversian Canal
-compact bone |
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Trabeculae
|
small beam
|
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Volkmann's Canals
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carry small arteries throughout the bone
|
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Concentric lamellae
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One of the concentric tubular layers of bone surrounding the central canal in an osteon
|
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Canaliculi
|
small passageway
|
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Bone Openings & Depressions
|
-Foramen
-Meatus -Paranasal sinus -Fossa |
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Foramen
|
opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
|
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Meatus
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a tube-like passageway running w/n a bone
|
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Paranasal sinus
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an air-filled cavity w/n the bone connected to the nasal cavity
|
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Fossa
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a depression in or on a bone
|
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Processes that form joints
|
-Condyle
-Head -Facet |
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Condyle
|
a large, rounded prominence that forms a joint
|
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Head
|
a rounded projection that forms a joint & supported on the constricted portion of a bone
|
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Facet
|
a smooth, flat surface
|
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Processes to which ligaments, tendons & other CT attach
|
-Tuberosity
-Spinous process -Trochantor -Crest |
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Tuberosity
|
a large, rounded, usually roughened process
|
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Spinous process
|
a sharp, slender projection
|
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Trochantor
|
a large, blunt projection found only on the femur
|
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Crest
|
a prominent ridge or border
|
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Osteogenesis /
Ossification |
Formation of new bone
|
|
Formation of new bone
|
-Formation of bony skeleton
-Bone Growth during childhood -Bone Remodeling throughout life -Repair of Fracture |
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Intramembranous ossification
|
flat bones
|
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Endochondral ossification
|
other bones
|
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Prior to week 8 the skeleton is made of...
|
hyaline cartilage &
fibrous CT membranes |
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When bone replaces fibrous CT
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Intramembranous ossification
|
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When bones replaces hyaline cartilage
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endochondral
|
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Ossification center
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selected centrally located mesenchymal(embryonic CT) cells cluster & differentiate into osteoblasts
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When Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted w/n the fibrous membrane
|
-osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is mineralized w/n a few days
-trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes |
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When Woven bone & periosteum form
|
-accumulating osteoid is laid down b/w embryonic blood vessels, which form a random network. the result is a network (instead of lamellae) of trabeculae (woven bone)
-vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone & becomes the periosteum |
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When Bone collar of compact bone forms & red marrow appears
|
-trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced w/ mature lamellar bone
-spongy bone(diploe), consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally & its vascular tissue becomes red marrow |
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When osteoblasts in periosteum secrete matrix along diaphysis you get a
|
bone collar
|
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chondrocytes inside hypertrophy & cause...
|
cartilage matrix to calcify
|
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calcified cartilage causes ...
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chondrocytes to die
|
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cartilage matrix deteriorates forming a cavity
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cavitation
|
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periosteal bud invades internal cavity
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nutrient artery & vein, lymphatic vessel, nerve, red marrow, osteoblasts & osteoclasts
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osteoclasts erode
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calcified cartilage
|
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osteoblasts secrete bone matrix around...
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remaining cartilage - spongy bone trabeculae
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osteoclasts break down newly formed bone forming...
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the medullary cavity
|
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cartilage @ the epiphyses continues to..
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grow in length
-cartilage then ossifies, dies & is eroded by osteoclasts & covered in bone by osteoblasts |
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secondary ossification center forms
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same way as first
|
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hyaline cartilage remains only as
|
-articular cartilage
-epiphyseal plate |