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99 Cards in this Set
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lifespan perspective
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the view that important changes occur throughout the entire human lifespan and that these changes must be interpreted in terms of the culture and context in which they occur
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key elements of lifespan perspective
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plasticity, interdisciplinary research, multi-contextual nature of development
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plasticity
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individuals of all ages possess the capacity for positive change in response to environmental demands
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interdisciplinary research
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research from different kinds of disciplinary perspectives (e.g., anthropology, economics, psychology) is needed to fully understand lifespan development
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multi-contextual nature of development
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individual development occurs within several interrelated contexts (e.g., family, neighborhood, culture)
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physical domain
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changes in the size, shape, and characteristics of the body
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cognitive domain
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changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and other intellectual skills
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social domain
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change in variables that are associated with the relationship of an individual to others
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nature-nurture debate
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the debate about the relative contributions of biological processes and experiential factors to development
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quantitative change
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a change in amount
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qualitative change
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change in kind or type
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stages
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qualitatively distinct periods of development
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normative age-graded changes
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changes that are common to every member of the species
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naturalistic observation
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the process of studying people in their normal environments
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case study
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an in-depth examination of a single individual
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laboratory observation
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observation of behavior under controlled conditions
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survey
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data collection method in which participants respond to questions
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population
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the entire group that is of interest to a researcher
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sample
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subset of a group that is of interest to a researcher who participates in a study
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correlation
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a relationship between two variables that can be expressed as a number ranging from -1.00 to +1.00
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experiment
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a study that tests a casual hypothesis
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experimental group
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the group in an experiment that receives the treatment the experimenter thinks will produce a particular effect
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control group
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the group in an experiment that receives either no special treatment or a neutral treatment
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independent variable
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the presumed causal element in an experiment
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dependent variable
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the characteristic or behavior that is expected to be affected by the independent variable
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cross-sectional design
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a research design in which groups of people of different ages are compared
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longitudinal design
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a research design in which people in a single group are studied at different times in their lives
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sequential design
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a research design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal examinations of development
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research ethics (definition)
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the guidelines researchers follow to protect the rights of animals used in research and humans who participate in studies
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research ethics (major concerns)
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protection from harm, informed consent, confidentiality, knowledge of results, deception
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psychoanalytic theories
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theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior
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id
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in Freud's theory, the part of the personality that comprises a person's basic sexual and aggressive impulses; it contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain
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ego
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according to Freud, the thinking element of personality
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superego
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Freud's term for the part of personality that is the moral judge
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psychosexual stages
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Freud's five stages of personality development through which children move in a fixed sequence determined by maturation; the libido is centered in a different body part in each stage
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oral stage
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Freud: birth to 1 year
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anal stage
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Freud: 1 to 3 years
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phallic stage
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Freud: 3 to 6 years
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latency period
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Freud: 6 to 12 years
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genital stage
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Freud: 12+
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psychosocial stages
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Erikson's eight stages, or crises, of personality development in which inner instincts interact with outer cultural and social demands to shape personality
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behaviorism
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the view that defines development in terms of behavior changes caused by environmental influences
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learning theories
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theories that assert that development results from an accumulation of experiences
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classical conditioning
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learning that results from the association of stimuli
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operant conditioning
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learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences
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reinforcement
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anything that follows a behavior and causes it to be repeated
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punishment
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anything that follows a behavior and causes it to stop
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extinction
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the gradual elimination of a behavior through repeated nonreinforcement
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observational learning (or modeling)
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learning that results from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior
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cognitive theories
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theories that emphasize mental processes in development, such as logic and memory
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scheme
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in Piaget's theory, an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance
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assimilation
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the process of using a scheme to make sense of an event or experience
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accommodation
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changing a scheme as a result of some new information
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equilibration
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the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment
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sociocultural theory
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Vygotsy's view that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in an individual's private explorations
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information-processing theory
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a theoretical perspective that uses the computer as a model to explain how the mind manages information
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neo-Piagetian theory
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an approach that uses information-processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by Piaget
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behavior genetics
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the study of the role of heredity in individual differences
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ethology
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a perspective on development that emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved through natural selection
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sociobiology
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the study of society using the methods and concepts of biology; when used by developmentalists, an approach that emphasizes genes that aid group survival
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bioecological theory
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Bronfenbrenner's theory that explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts
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chromosomes
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strings of genetic material in the nuclei of cells
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gametes
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cells that unite at conception (ova in females; sperm in males)
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zygote
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single cell created when sperm and ovum unite
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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chemical material that makes up chromosomes and genes
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genes
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pieces of genetic material that control or influence traits
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gonads
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sex glands (ovaries in females; testes in men)
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genotype
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the unique genetic blueprint of each individual
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phenotype
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an individual's particular set of observed characteristics
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dominant-recessive pattern
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pattern of inheritance in which a single dominant gene influences a person's phenotype but two recessive genes are necessary to produce an associated trait
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polygenic inheritance
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pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait
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multi-factorial inheritance
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inheritance affected by both genes and the environment
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cephalocaudal pattern
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growth that proceeds from the head downward
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proximodistal pattern
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growth that proceeds from the middle of the body outward
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germinal stage
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the first stage of prenatal development, beginning at conception and ending at implantation (approximately 2 weeks)
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implantation
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attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall
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placenta
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specialized organ that allows substances to be transferred from mother to embryo and from embryo to mother, without their blood mixing
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umbilical cord
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organ that connects the embryo to the placenta
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amnion
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fluid-filled sac in which the fetus floats until just before it is born
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embryonic stage
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the second stage of prenatal development, from week 2 through week 8, during which the embryo's organ systems form
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neurons
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specialized cells of the nervous system
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organogenesis
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process of organ development
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fetal stage
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the third stage of prenatal development, from week 9 to birth, during which growth and organ refinement take place
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viability
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ability of the fetus to survive outside the womb
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cell body
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the part of a neuron that contains the cell body and is the site of vital cell functions
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synapses
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tiny spaces across which neural impulses flow from one neuron to the next
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axons
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tail-like extensions of neurons
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dendrites
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branchlike protrusions from the cell bodies of neurons
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glial cells
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the "glue" that holds neurons together to give form to the structures of the nervous system
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teratogens
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substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects
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teratogens (examples)
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maternal diseases: cancer, toxoplasmosis, chicken pox, parvovirus, hepatitis b, chlamydia, tuberculosis; drugs: inhalants, accutane/vitamin a, streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, diet pills
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cesarean section (c-section)
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delivery of an infant through incisions in the abdominal and uterine walls
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anoxia
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oxygen deprivation experienced by a fetus during labor and/or delivery
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neonate
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term for babies between birth and 1 month of age
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human development
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the scientific study of age-related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, and personality
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below 5.5 pounds
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low birth weight
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apgar scale
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used to assess health of babies, immediately after birth
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cancer, toxoplasmosis, chicken pox, parvovirus, hepatitis b, chlamydia, tuberculosis
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teratogens - maternal diseases
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inhalants, accutane/vitamin a, streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, diet pills
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teratogens - drugs
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