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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Immune-mediated tissue damage
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Hypersensitivity (HS)
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Pathologic immune mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity (Type I)
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Th2 cells, IgE, mast cells, eosinophils
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Pathologic immune mechanisms of antibody-mediated hypersensitivity (Type II)
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IgM, IgG vs. cell surface or extracellular matrix
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Pathologic immune mechanisms of immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity (Type III)
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Circulating Ag-Ab (IgG or IgM) complexes (soluble antigens)
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Pathologic immune mechanisms of T cell-mediated hypersensitivity (Type IV)
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CD4+ T cells (DTH); CD8+ CTLs
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Mast-cell derived mediators; cytokine-mediated inflammation
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in Type I
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Complement and FcR-mediated recruitment and activation of leukocytes; Opsonization, phagocytosis; Abnormal cell function
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in Type II
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Complement and FcR-mediated recruitment and activation of leukocytes
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in Type III
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Macrophage activation; direct target cell killing; cytokine-mediated inflammation
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in Type IV
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Cytokines that induce isotype switching to IgE
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IL4 and IL-13
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Antigens that elicit immediate hypersensitivity
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Allergens
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Individual with propensity to develop immediate hypersensitivities
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Allergic or atopic
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(put in order)
a. Production of IgE b. Activation of mast cells and release of mediators c. First exposure to antigen d. Th2 cells signal B cells to switch to IgE e. Repeat exposure to antigen f. IgE binds to FcεR1 on mast cells |
Step 1-c
Step 2-d Step 3-a Step 4-f Step 5-e Step 6-b |
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Cross-linking of allergen with two or more IgE molecules on surface of mast cell
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Induce mast cell degranulation
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Contents of mast cell granules
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Vasoactive amines, proteases
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Causes dilation of small blood vessels, increases vascular permeability and transient contraction of smooth muscle
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Histamine and other vasoactive amines
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Cause damage to local cells and tissues
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Proteases
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Arachidonic acid metabolites that cause vascular dilation and prolonged smooth muscle contraction
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Prostaglandins/leukotrienes
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Mediators of late phase of allergic response
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Cytokines (TNF, IL-4), platelet activating factor and leukotrienes
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Leukocytes involved in late phase of allergic reaction
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Eosinophils, neutrophils, Th2 cells
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Major cytokine that activates eosinophils
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IL-5
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These increase production of mucus
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Histamine/IL-13
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Increased mucus secretion and inflammation of upper airways
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Allergic rhinitis/hay fever
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Increased peristalsis due to contraction of intestinal muscles
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Food allergies
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Smooth muscle contraction in bronchi; inflammation and tissue injury
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Bronchial asthma
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Systemic form of immediate hypersensitivity characterized by edema, often in larynx, and hypotension
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Anaphylaxis
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Major target organs in an anaphylactic reaction
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Lung, heart, GI
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This treatment for anaphylaxis induces smooth muscle contraction and blocks further mast cell degranulation
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Epinephrine
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This treatment for bronchial asthma reduces inflammation and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles
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Corticosteroids and phosphodiesterase inhibitors
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This treatment for allergies induces B cells to switch from IgE to other isotypes
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Desensitization
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This treatment for allergies blocks the action of histamine
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Antihistamines
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This treatment for allergies inhibits mast cell degranulation
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Cromolyn
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Antibody-mediated disease that stimulates production of thyroid hormones
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Graves’ Disease
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Antibody-mediated disease that destroys erythrocytes via opsonization and phagocytosis
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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
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Antibody-mediated disease that damages the heart due to inflammation and macrophage activation
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Acute rheumatic fever
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Antibody-mediated disease that blocks the acetylcholine receptor
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Myasthenia gravis
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Antibody-mediated disease that destroys platelets via opsonization an phagocytosis
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Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
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Antibody-mediated disease that damages the kidneys and lungs due to complement and FcR-mediated inflammation
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Goodpasture’s syndrome
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Systemic vasculitis induced by systemic administration of protein antigen
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Serum sickness
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Local vasculitis induced by subcutaneous administration of protein antigen
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Arthus reaction
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Immune complex-mediated disease caused by antibodies to DNA and nucleoproteins
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
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Microbial proteins that induce polyclonal T cell activation which results in toxic shock syndrome
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Superantigens
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Tissue injury that results in exposure of new self-antigens
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Epitope spreading
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T cell-mediated disease that destroys pancreatic islet cells
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Type I diabetes
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T cell-mediated disease that destroys neurons in the CNS
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Multiple sclerosis
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T-cell mediated disease that results in granulomatous inflammation
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Chronic infections like TB
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