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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are bacteria & fungi naturally found in the body called?
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Microbial Flora
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List 3 Natural Barrier defenses?
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1. skin
2. mucus membranes (nasal) 3. tears (lysozyme) |
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List a few functions of the immune system (general functions).
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1. protect against infection
2. clear infection from body 3. fight cancer/abnormal cell growth 4. provide long-term immunity |
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List some problems of the Immune System.
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Transplant rejection, allergies, & autoimmune disease
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Bone marrow stem cell's are called what?
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Hematopoietic stem cells
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What 3 things come from hematopoietic stem cells?
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Blood, Platelets, & WBC's
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2 subtypes of WBC's (2 diviisions of hematopoietic stem cell's)?
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Myeloid progenitor cells, Common lymphoid progenitor cells
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5 cells from Myeloid progenitor cells?
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basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, & macrophages
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Where do B & T cell's derive from?
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common lymphoid progenitor cells
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Primary lymphoid organs?
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bone marrow
thymus |
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Where do B cells RESIDE?
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Bone marrow
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Where do B cells MATURE?
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Bone marrow
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Where do T cells RESIDE?
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Thymus
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Where do T cells MATURE?
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Thymus
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List the secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs.
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1. lymph nodes
2. spleen |
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Where are immune cell's ACTIVATED?
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Peripheral lymph organs & tissues (secondary lymphoid organs)
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List a few (specific examples) of secondary lymphoid organs & tissues.
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1.Tonsil ring of Waldeyer (consists of lymph nodes, tonsils, and adenoids)
2. Peyer patches (in large intestine) 3. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue |
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What are the 2 branches of the Immune System?
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Innate & Adaptive
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Will the innate immune system respond with the SAME LEVEL of response EACH TIME it's presented with a certain bacteria?
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Yes. It's NOT specific!
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Whats another word for Adaptive Immunity?
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Acquired
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What activates the Adaptive Immune response?
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Innate response (Adaptive response is slower to respond, but much stronger after memory immune cell's & clonal cell's develope).
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If you happen to ingest bacteria with Lipid A (endotoxin located within Gram - bacteria's outter membrane), which immune response would occur?
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Adaptive Immune Response, it's more specific!
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If a host cell is 'malfunctioning,' will the innate immune system attack it?
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No, innate immune system recognizes "self" vs. "non-self"
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List some examples of "non-self" recognition patterns microbes may display.
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LPS, double-stranded RNA, Glycosaminoglycans, etc...
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Innate cell's share SAME receptors called what?
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PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptors)
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Within Innate Immune system, can one or multiple cell's recognize the SAME microbe?
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multiple cell's (single cell can have multiple receptors for different patterns)
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How does Adaptive Immune system acquire diversity of it's receptors?
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Encoded by genes produced by somatic recombination of gene segments.
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Which branch of immune system is encoded in the germline?
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Innate Immune system
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Name the 3 receptor's of the Innate Immune system?
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1. toll-like receptors
2. N-formyl methionyl receptor 3. mannose receptor |
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Name receptor/s of the Adaptive immune system?
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TCR
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Which branch of the immune system (innate or adaptive) discriminates "self" from "non-self"?
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BOTH.
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Are host cell's recognized as "self"?
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No. They may express molecules that prevent innate immune rxn (MHC-I).
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List 3 components of innate immunity?
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1. epithelial barriers
2. circulating cells 3. plasma proteins |
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What are the 3 MAJOR interfaces b/w body and environment?
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1. skin
2. G.I. tract 3. respiratory tract |
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What type of junctions do epithelial cell's posses?
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Tight junctions
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What structure do respiratory cell's possess that move back and forth in order to clear microbes?
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Cilia
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What cell's produce Peptide Antibiotics?
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Epithelial cells
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What are intraepithelial lymphocytes?
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layers of epithelial cell's that contain specialized lymphocytes.
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2 types of circulating phagocytes?
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1. neutrophils
2. monocytes (mature into macrophages, but macrophages are never found in the blood) |
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What is another name for PMN's?
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polymorphonuclear leukocytes or Neutrophils
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What is a cytokine?
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immune chemical released during infection, signal stem cells in bone marrow to become neutrophil precursors.
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Which cell's are the 1st responders to infection?
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neutrophils
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How long do neutrophils live?
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few hours, short lived
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Which is longer lived, macrophages or neutrophils?
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macrophages
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Which organ in the body has an absence of resident macrophages within it's tissue?
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None! All organs in the body have resident macrophages scouting for invading microbes.
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Macrophages detect microbial invasion, what chemicals do they secrete?
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cytokines.
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Secretion of cytokines draws which TWO immune cell's to site of infection?
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1. neutrophils
2. monocytes |
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List the two types of cytokines released by macrophages.
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1. TNF (tumor necrosis factor)
2. IL-1 (interleukin-1) |
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What substance/s do TNF & IL-1 cause endothelial cells to express?
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E-selectin and P-selectin
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What are the adhesion molecules that neutrophils and monocytes bind to called?
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E-selectin and P-selectin
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Leukocytes (ie., neutrophils) bind weakly or strongly to selectins?
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weakly; they "roll" along until eventually interacting with INTEGRINS (stronger interaction, stops "rolling").
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What cells are Integrins located on?
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Endothelial cells
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What happens when integrins expression is increased?
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leukocytes/monocytes are draw to infection (chemokines produced by resident macrophages increase integrin expression)
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Increased vascular dilation and permeability of vessel's needed for migration of leukocytes (by elongation) via epithelial cell's tight junctions is called what?
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Inflammation!
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What receptor's do neutrophils and macrophages use to recognize microbial patterns?
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Toll-like Receptors (TLR's)
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What microbe does TLR-2 recognize?
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bacterial lipoglycans
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Which Toll-like receptor recognizes LPS/endotoxin possessed by a gram - bacteria, such as Bacilus (Anthrax)?
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TLR-4
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TLR-5 recognizes what structure?
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flagella
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TLR-9 recognizes what?
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CpG nucleotides (or bacterial DNA)
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Proteoglycan's on Epithelial cell's bind what?
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chemokine
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When a selectin ligand binds a leukocyte to the epithelial cell, it causes the "roll" affect of the leukocyte. DURING this process of "rolling" by the leukeocyte is it in a high-affinity or low-affinity state?
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high-affinity state while "rolling" and a leukocyte is in a low-affinity BEFORE the selectin ligand binds to the epithelial cell
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What is TNF & IL-1?
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Cytokines released by macrophage after ingestion of microbe.
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Other than Toll-like receptors, what other 2 receptors are particular to microbes?
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N-formyl methionyl receptor and mannose receptor
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What do endosomal TLR's bind to their receptors?
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microbial nucleic acids
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What do surface TLR's bind to their receptors?
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bacterial cell wall molecules, flagellin, etc...
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What factors need to be activated to elicit response from cell toward the microbial invasion?
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Transcription factors
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Name 2 transcription factors activated by TLR's?
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1. NF-kB (nuclear factor kB)
2. IRF-3 (interferon response factor-3) |
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What is IRF-3?
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interferon response factor-3. It's a transcription factor; stimulates production of type I interferons (which block viral replication)
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What is NF-kB?
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nuclear-factor kB. It's a transcription factor along with IRF-3; promotes expression of several cytokines and endothelial adhesion molecules
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What 3 TLR's can bacterial peptidoglycan, lipoprotein, and lipotechoic acid, among other, bing to?
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TLR-1
TLR-2 TLR-6 |
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What TLR can gram - bacterial LPS, fungal manans, and vial envelope proteins bind to?
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TLR-4
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What TLR can bacterial flagellin bind to?
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TLR-5
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What is TLR PAMPS?
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(ie.), microbial nucleic acids such as single-stranded RNA, or unmethylated CpG dinucleotides |
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What TLR receptors (4) bind at the endosomal membrane inside the cell?
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TLR-3
TLR-7 TLR-8 TLR-9 |
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List the 3 inflammatory cytokines?
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1. TNF
2. IL-1 3. IL-12 |
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What IL-? is a chemokine?
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IL-8
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Name one antiviral cytokine?
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IFN-a/b
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Name a endothelial adhesion molecule?
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E-selectin
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Activation of different receptors on ___________ and ____________ lead to specific cellular responses?
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neutrophils and macrophages
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What function do metalloproteinases serve?
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tissue repair (also fibroblast, growth factors, and angiogenic factors)
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Binding of this receptor by microbe leads directly to phagocytosis of the microbe into phagosome, ultimately killing microbe?
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mannose receptor
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What is signaled before microbe ingested?
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surface receptors
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What is it called when a lysosome containing microbicidal compounds merge with a vesicle?
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phagosome
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What 3 microbicidal compounds does a phagosome contain to kill microbe?
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1. reactive oxygen species (ROS)
2. nitric oxide (NO) 3. lysosomal proteases *All degrade microbes but DO NOT harm phagocyte! |
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What happens if phagosome's contents (ROS, NO, & lysosomal proteases) get outside the phagocyte?
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host tissue damage is possible
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What happens to phagocyte's membrane when ingesting a microbe?
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zips up around microbe
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What do phagosome's fuse with once they have ingested a microbe?
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lysosome (this activates the phagocyte after lysosomes bind)
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Phagocyte oxidase + _____ = ROS (to kill microbe).
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Oxygen (O2)
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iNOS + _________ (amino acid) allows to cross phagolysosome membrane to create NO to kill microbe?
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arginine
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What immune cell recognizes and kills infected host cells?
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NK cells (natural killer cells)
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NO MHC-1 = ?
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Killing by NK cells
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Viral/bacterial infection causes host cell to NOT express what marker used by NK cells?
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MHC-1 (present on ALL nucleated cells in mammals, RBC's excluded b/c no nucleus)
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