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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mixture
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a material that has unlike parts and a composition that varies
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Mixture
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Can be separated into its components by physical means
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Physical Change
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a change that does not alter the identity of matter
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Mixture
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Can be heterogeneous and homogeneous
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Pure Substance
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a material that is the same throughout. it has a fixed, definite composition
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Element
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a substance that can not be broken down by chemical or physical means
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Compound
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a substance that can be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical change
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Chemical Change
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a change where a new substance is formed. it alters the identity of the matter
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Atom
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the smallest unit of an element. it can exist alone or in combination with other elements
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Chemical Bond
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an attractive force that binds individual atoms together in a compound
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Molecule
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the smallest particle of a compound that can exist and still retain the characteristic chemical properties of a substance
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chemical reaction
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A change in matter in which different chemical substances are created by forming or breaking chemical bonds
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chemical equation
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can be used to represent a chemical reaction
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Valence Electrons
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electrons in the outermost orbital
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Valence Electrons
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They participate in chemical bonding and determine the chemical properties of an atom.
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Inner-shell Electrons
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do not participate in bonding. in stable, fully occupied orbitals
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Octet Rule
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Atoms will attempt to acquire an outer orbital with eight electrons.
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Ionic
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formed when atoms transfer electrons to get noble gas configurations
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Ionic bond
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positive and negative ions are formed and because oppositely charged, an electrostatic attraction arises
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Ionic bond
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a bond generally made from metal + nonmetal
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Covalent
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achieve noble gas configuration by sharing electrons
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Covalent bond
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a bond generally made from a nonmetal + nonmetal
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Metallic
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bonds formed in solid metals with an electron sea
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Formula
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describes what elements are in the compound and in what proportions
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If an ionic compound is made with a transition metal
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it may be a colored, crystalline solid.
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Polyatomic Ions
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charged group of atoms that act as a single unit in ionic compounds. They are held together by covalent bonds.
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Covalent Bond
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a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons
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Diatomic Molecules
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H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
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Lewis Structures
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structures that represent covalently bonded compounds
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lone pairs
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pair of electrons that belong exclusively to a particular atom, represented by 2 dots
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shared pairs
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electrons being shared by both atoms in the bond, represented by a dash
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Single Bond
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a covalent bond with one shared pair of electrons (2 e-)
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Double Bond
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a covalent bond when two pairs of electrons (4 e-) are shared by two atoms
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Triple Bond
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a covalent bond when three pairs of electrons (6 e-) are shared by two atoms
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Chemical Equation
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a concise way of describing a chemical reaction
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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matter can neither be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions
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Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (redox)
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a reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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Oxidation
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part of redox reaction in which there is a loss if e-
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Reduction
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part of redox reaction in which there is a gain of e-
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Oxidizing agents
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substances that take electrons from other substances
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Reducing agents
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supplies electrons to the substance being reduced
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Combustion Reaction
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a rapid reaction with oxygen that releases energy, usually observed with a flame
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Single Replacement
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an atom or polyatomic ion is replaced in a compound by a different atom or polyatomic ion
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General Format for Single Replacement reactions
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negative- XY + Z >>> XZ + Y
positive - XY + A >>> AY + X |
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Ion Exchange
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reaction that takes place when the ions of one compound interact with the ions of another compound
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Commonly formed in an ion exchange
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a.) a precipitate (a solid that comes out of solution) b.) gas c.) water
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General format for Ion Echange
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AX + BY >>> AY + BX
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An Example of an Ion Exchange Reaction
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Acid / Base Reaction
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Double Replacement
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another name for Ion Exchange
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Reaction rates are affected by
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1.) Concentration of reactants 2.) Temperature 3.) The surface area of the reaction
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Catalyst
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a material that speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently changed by the reaction
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Catalyst
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works by lowering activation energy
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