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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Systems learn, grow, and improve according to the ____ they receive. |
feedback |
|
A prison is an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, ususally ___. |
felonies |
|
An institution designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation was called a ______. |
penitentiary |
|
The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to the ______ model of corrections. |
crime control |
|
______ are a variety of punishments used by the courts that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarcerations. |
Intermediate sanctions |
|
Approximately how many Americans are currently incarcerated in a jail or prison? |
2 million |
|
As community corrections evolved, prisons were able to be avoided because they were artificial institutions that interfered with the offender's ability to develop _____. |
a crime-free lifestyle |
|
Solitary confinement and isolation at night, work in the day |
congregate system |
|
Since 1980, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in |
probation and parole |
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The opening of the ______ State penitentiary in Cherry Hill, PA marked the full development of the penitentiary system based on the philosophy of solitary confinement. |
Eastern |
|
Nearly 40% of all offenders are under the correctional control of what 4 states (Big 4)? |
-Texas -Florida -New York -California |
|
In the US jails are operated mainly by what level of government? |
County |
|
The twin goals of corrections are: |
Punishment and protection |
|
During the Colonial Period, jails were mainly used to house |
those pending court appearance |
|
Much of the ideas, practices, and principles that are the foundation of the American Criminal Justice System were adopted from what country? |
England |
|
What percent of people born in 2001 will go to prison at some time during their lives? |
13%
|
|
Until early 1800s, most of our practices came from ______ |
Europe |
|
System of government in which power and responsibilities are split between individual state governments and one national government |
Federalism |
|
Which 2 states have the largest prison populations? |
Texas and California |
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In Bentham's view, criminals were somewhat ______ or unbalanced, lacking the self-discipline to control their passions by reason |
child-like |
|
Incarceration remains the standard punishment for people who commit ______ crimes |
serious |
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The scientific/forensic development of ____ has enabled many who have been wrongfully convicted and imprisoned to be exonerated |
DNA |
|
A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a _____ sentence |
determinate |
|
Most states have ____ time policies |
good |
|
When an innocent person is found guilty by plea or verdict, it is known as a |
wrongful conviction |
|
Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as ____. |
general deterrence |
|
_____ is known as the founder of what is know referred to as the Classical school of criminology. |
Cesare Beccaria |
|
_____ sentences are usually reserved for certain types of offenders, including violent and serious drug offenses and habitual offenders. |
Mandatory |
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Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are ____ sanctions. |
Intermediate |
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The ____ report is a summary prepared by a probation officer who investigates the background of a convicted offender in order to help the judge select an appropriate punishment. |
presentence |
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Fines, forfeiture of illegally gained assets, and restitution to victims are all examples of what form of punishment? |
Intermediate sanctions |
|
Advocates a type of punishment which is designed to repair losses to the victim and the community while attempting to keep the offender connected to society |
Restorative justice |
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_____ remains the standard punishment for people who commit serious crimes |
Incarceration |
|
The presentence report is prepared by a ____ |
probation officer |
|
The death penalty was used frequently in the ___ |
Middle Ages |
|
Fines and restitution are examples of ____ sanctions |
intermediate |
|
Deterrence assumes that people think ____ before they act. |
rationally |
|
Felony courts hear about ____% of all criminal cases. |
10% |
|
Which state has the largest death row population? |
California |
|
Which state executes the most death row inmates? |
Texas |
|
____ are those individuals who are dependent upon a drug or alcohol |
addicts |
|
People in jail are younger and disproportionately African-American and most are _____ |
unmarried |
|
Despite the short stays of inmates in jails, specialized treatment programs designed especially for jails have shown ____ success. |
some |
|
Compared to incarceration, diversion has been shown to be a _____ alternative. |
cheaper |
|
A _______ program program is an alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor in exchange for no jail time. |
pretrial diversion |
|
The average delay between arrest and sentencing is |
more than 6 months |
|
Significant problems facing inmates today: |
-Mental health -substance abuse -legal -medical needs -pretrial detainee rights |
|
Supervision style designed in pedlar units and encourages staff and offender interaction; problem with maintaining qualified staff |
Direct supervision |
|
Generally, it has been found that building new jails or ____ the capacity of existing facilities has little impact on the problem of crowding |
increasing |
|
4 new jail design concepts: |
-Podular design -Personal space -Interaction space -Direct supervision |
|
The idea behind the American jail system was adopted from ____ |
England |
|
Recently there has been a major emphasis on programs to ____ offenders awaiting trial |
release |
|
The ___ system is a system in which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each inmate held. |
fee |
|
Jails are considered to be the ____ of corrections. |
entryway to |
|
Jail practices in US descend directly from feudal practices of 12th century ____ |
England |
|
____ jail population is awaiting trial |
1/2 |
|
Most jail inmates in US today are |
young Caucasian males |
|
About ____ of all jail inmates have a history of mental problems |
2/3 |
|
Jails run by states in (6): |
- Connecticut -Alaska -Hawaii -Rhode Island -Delaware -Vermont |
|
____ is compensation for an injury to society by performance of service |
community service |
|
____ is a sum of money that the offender must pay either to the victim or to a public fund for crime victim |
restitution |
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_____ was a practice under English Common Law whereby a judge could suspend the imposition or execution of a sentence on a condition of good behavior on the part of the offender |
Judicial repreive |
|
______ is based on the goal of punishing the offender as severely as needed to protect the community and to satisfy the public. |
community corrections |
|
_____ are a variety of punishments that are more restrictive than probation but less severe and costly than incarceration. |
intermediate sanctions |
|
form of probation with conditions that are more strict |
intensive supervision program (ISP) |
|
Intermediate sanctions fit the concept of ___ which is a range of punishments that vary in intrusiveness and control |
continuum of sanctions |
|
The two most common types of intermediate sanctions used to lessen prison overcrowding in the US are |
shock incarceration and boot camps |
|
type of sentence where an offender serves a period of time before being placed on probation |
split sentence |
|
When savings from community corrections are used to help build up the crime prevention programs in communities that have the most people under community supervision |
justice reinvestment |
|
One way corrections predicts the risk of future criminal behavior |
objective risk assessment |
|
Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity |
forfeiture |
|
If an offender falls behind on restitution, they may be sent to a |
restitution center |
|
More than 2/3 of people under correctional authority are under |
community supervision |
|
Several recent studies indicate that prison is _____ in changing people for the better |
not successful |
|
First US probation officer and creator of the term |
John Augustus |
|
Variations to home confinement may be possible if they are __ & __ |
justified & approved |
|
____ are infrequently used in US other than motor vehicle infractions |
Fines |
|
Law enforcement role emphasizes ___ & ___ |
surveillance and control |
|
3 types of conditions in probation |
-standard -punitive -treatment |
|
The typical ___ prison of the 1940s and 1950s was a walled prison with large tiered cell blocks, a yard, a shop, and industries. |
Big House |
|
Historically the Bureau of Prisons has enjoyed a good reputation and has been viewed as an ___ in the field of corrections |
Innovator |
|
The director or the Bureau of Prisons is appointed by the ____ |
President |
|
The ___ design is mainly used for maximum-security prisons in the US |
telephone pole |
|
The ____ strategy refers to a plan of doing nothing in regard to prison overcrowding, simply because it is assumed the problem is temporary and will disappear in time |
null |
|
Currently the largest racial/ethnic group in state-level US prisons is ____ |
African American |
|
3 main models of corrections in past 60 years |
-custodial -rehabilitation -reintegration |
|
4 basic prison designs currently in US |
-telephone pole -radial -campus -courtyard |
|
Majority of adult prisons in US are located in ___ areas |
rural |
|
Number of people incarcerated in US jails and prisons |
2.3 million |
|
Prison design is organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration |
minimum security |
|
Mandatory sentencing laws greatly limit the discretion of judges with regard to the ___ |
length of sentences for certain offenders |
|
The nation's first prisons were built utilizing the ___ design (modeled after Eastern and Western state penitentiaries) |
radial |
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Dept of Corrections is ___ to control amount of people sent by courts |
unable |
|
prison constructed in form of a wheel with spokes radiating from a central core |
radial |
|
Prison construction is an explanation for the ____ in US |
increased rate of incarceration |
|
Most frequent type of offense of federal prisoners is ___ |
drug related |
|
In the traditional prison of the big house era, administrators enlisted the assistance of ___ to help maintain order |
inmate leaders |
|
The span of ____ refers to the extent of supervision by one person |
control |
|
Much of the American public believes that prisons are run in a ____ manner |
Authoriatiarian |
|
The ability to obtain compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards is known as ____ power |
Normative |
|
Prisons seem to function more ___ now than they have in the past |
effectively |
|
____ is a management principle holding that a subordinate should report to only one supervisor |
unity of comand |
|
Serious violations can earn a prisoners a ____; a disciplinary report forwarded to a higher authority for action |
ticket |
|
____ power is a way of gaining compliance in exchange for material resources |
remunerative |
|
3 characteristics that underlie prison behavior |
-age -race -attitudes |
|
Custodial force has graded ranks similar to |
the military |
|
Receiving a verbal reprimand as a consequence for breaking an institution rule is an example of a |
minor violation |
|
the goals of the ___ model are to "punish offenders - fairly and justly - through lengths of confinement proportionate to the gravity of the offense." |
confinement |
|
philosophy that tolerates minor infractions and allows inmate leadership; grant and deny privileges to gain compliance of inmates |
inmate balance theory |
|
Correction officers must be at least ___ of age |
18-21 |
|
Prison disorder, riots, staff murders, escapes, and inmate homicides are ____ today than in the 1970s and 80s |
more rare |
|
Obedience to an order |
compliance |
|
___ therapy emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and their consequences |
reality |
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Research shows that ___ sexual abuse is linked to HIV/AIDS risk-taking behavior among female prisoners |
childhood |
|
____ activity among men is one way that HIV is transmitted in prison populations |
unprotected sexual |
|
older prisoners make up a ___ portion of the total inmate population |
small |
|
the availability and type of mental health treatment programs ___ from one prison to the next |
differ |
|
Those serving at least 20 years |
long term offender |
|
Transgender offenders enter prison with a disproportionate amount of (3) |
- substance abuse problems - past physical and sexual victimization - mental health issues |
|
Rate of confirmed AIDS cases found in US state and federal prisons is ____ times higher than the rate found in the total US population |
2.5 |
|
Due to the rising US health costs, the increasing number of ____ offenders may become a major problem for corrections within the next decade |
elderly |
|
3 main principles to follow with long-term inmates |
- create opportunities for meaningful living - maximize opportunities for the inmate to exercise choice in living circumstances - help the inmate maintain contact with the outside world |
|
High risk behaviors that prisoners engage in (3) |
-IV drug use -needle sharing -unprotected sex |
|
___ % of jail and prison population have symptoms or history of mental health problems |
56% |
|
Aim of cognitive approach is: |
teach offenders new ways to think about themselves and their actions |
|
Prisons in the US all have ___ testing services for HIV |
different |
|
Mental illness ___ by race, gender, and age |
differs |
|
Long term inmates are ____ than those sentenced during the "get tough" era |
more youthful |
|
In prison an offender's life may be ___ with better medical care |
prolonged |
|
Administrators believe as much as possible that elderly should: |
remain in the general population but with special accommodations |
|
Emphasizes solidarity of inmates against prison staff |
inmate code |
|
knowledge of ___ helps us understand inmate society |
prison subculture |
|
role of ___ : view prison as brief but inevitable break in incarceration career (career criminal) |
"doing time" |
|
role of ___: often have mental health issues, manipulated, adjust poorly, don't fit in other 3 adaptive roles) |
"disorganized criminal" |
|
Adaptive roles of inmates (4): |
- doing time - gleaning - jailing - disorganized criminal |
|
inmates can buy a limited number of items in exchange for credits against their accounts |
commissary |
|
women are considered the ___ offenders |
forgotten |
|
women generally receive ___ sentences than men |
shorter |
|
women are ____ to programs than men |
more responsive |
|
women are ____ with status among inmate population than men |
less concerned |
|
Sexual misconduct could be: |
- touching - threats - exposure |
|
More female inmates live with ___ prior to incarceration than men |
their children |
|
One of the largest concerns for incarcerated women is the ___ of their children |
fate |
|
___ are any formal structured activity that take prisoners out of their cells and perform personal tasks |
prisoner programs |
|
___ process by which inmates could be grouped according to custody requirements and program needs |
classification |
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with classification, _____ can then created to meet those requirements |
programs |
|
prison purchases machinery and raw materials leads to inmates manufacturing products |
Public Account System |
|
most controversial of all prison-based products |
rehabilitative programs |