Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Identify: Race
|
-a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
-the meaning and importance of race varies from place to place and over time - Societies use racial categories to rank people in a hierarchy, giving some people more money, power, and prestige than others -In the past, scientists created three broad categories-Caucasiods, Mongoloids, and Negroids-but there are no biologically pure races |
|
Identify: Ethnicity
|
-a shared cultural heritage
- reflects common ancestors, language, and religion. - The importance of ethnicity varies from place to place and over time - People choose to play up or play down their ethnicity - Societies may or may not set categories of people apart based on differences in ethnicity |
|
Identify: minority
|
Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural differance that a society sets apart and subordinates
|
|
Identify:prejudice
|
- a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
- the social distance scale is one measure of prejudice - one type of prejudice is the STEROTYPE: an exaggerated description applied to every person in some category -RACISM, a very destructive type of prejudice, asserts that one race is innately superior or inferior to another |
|
Identify: stereotype
|
An exaggerated description applied to every person in some category
|
|
Identify: racism
|
the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
|
|
What are the 4 theories of Prejudice?
|
1. Scapegoat Theory: claims that prejudice results from frustration among people who are disadvantaged
2. Authoritarian personality theory (Adrno) claims prejudice is a personality trait of certian individuals, especially those with little education and those raised by cold and demanding parents 3. Culture Theory (Bogardus) claims that prejudice is rooted in culture; we learn to feel greater social distance from some categories of people 4. Conflict theory claims that prejudice is a tool used by powerful people to divide and control the population |
|
Identify: discrimination
|
-unequal treatment of various categories of people
-actions by which a person treats various categories of people unequally -refers to actions, while prejudice refers to attitudes - Institutional prejudice and discrimination is bias built into the operation of society's institutions, including schools, hospitals, the police, and the workplace. -Prejudice and discrimination perpetuate themselves in a vicious circle, resulting in social disadvantage that fuels additional prejudice and discrimination |
|
Identify: institutional prejudice and discrimination
|
bias built into the operation of society's institutions
|
|
Identify: pluralism
|
- A state in which people of all races and elasticities are distinct but have equal social standing
-means that racial and ethnic categories, although distinct, have roughly equal social standing -US society is pluralistic in that all people in the US, regardless of race or ethnicity, have equal standing under the law - US society is not pluralistic in that all racial and ethnic categories do not have equal social standing |
|
Identify: assimilation
|
-The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
- involves changes in dress, language, religion, values, and friends. -Assimilation is a strategy to escape prejudice and discrimination and to achieve upward social mobility -Some categories of people have assimilated more than others |
|
Identify: miscegenation
|
biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
|
|
Identify: segregation
|
-The physical and social separation of categories of people
-Although some segregation is voluntary (for example, Amish), majorities usually segregate minorities by excluding them from neighborhoods, schools, and occupations - "de jure" segregation is segregation by law; "de facto" segregation describes settings that contain only people of one ategory -Hypersegregation means having little social contact with people beyond the local community |
|
Identify:Genocide
|
-the systematic killing of one category one people by another
-Historical examples of genocide include the extermination of Jews by the Nazis and the killing of Western-leaning people in Cambodia by Pol Pot -Continues in the modern wolrd, with Hutus killing Tutsis in the African nation of Rewanda and Serbs killing Bosnians in the Balkans of Eastern Europe |
|
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
Native Americans |
the earliest human inhabitants of the Americas, have endured genocide, segregation, and forced assimilation. Today, the social standing of Native Americans is well below the national average.
|
|
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
African Americans |
Experienced two centuries of slavery. Emancipation in 1865 gave way to segregation by the (the so-called Jim Crow laws). In the 1950s and 1960s, a national civil rights movement resulted in legislation that outlawed segregated schools and overt discrimination in employment and public accommodations. Today, despite legal equality, African Americans are still disadvantaged
|
|
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
Hispanic Americans |
the largest US minority, include many ethnicities sharing a Spanish heritage. Mexican Americans, the largest Hispanic minority, are concentrated in the Southwest. Cubans, concentrated in Miami, are the most affluent Hispanic category; Puerto Ricans, 1 million of whom live in NYC, are the poorest.
|
|
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
White Ethnic Americans |
are non-WASPs whose ancestors emigrated from Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In response to prejudice and discrimination, many white ethnics formed supportive residential enclaves.
|
|
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
White Anglo-Saxson Protestants (WASPS) |
were most of the origional European settles of the US, and many continue to enjoy high social position today
|
|
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
Asian Americans |
have suffered both racial and ethnic hostility. Although some prejudice and discrimination continue, both Chinese and Japanese Americans now have above-average income and schooling. Asian immigrants, especially Korans and Filipions, now account for one-third of all immigration to the US
|
|
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
Arab Americans |
are a growing US minority. Because they come to the US from so many different nations, Arab Americans are a culturally diverse population, and they are represented in all social classes. They have been a target of prejudice and hate crimes in recent years as a result of a stereotype that links all Arab Americans with terrorism
|
|
Race refers to ____. Considered important by a society, and ethnicity refers to _______.
|
biological traits; cultural traits
|
|
People of Hispanic ancestry make up what share of the US population?
|
12.5
|
|
A minority is defined as a category of people who
|
Are defined as both different and disadvantaged
|
|
Research using the Bogardus social distance scale shows that US college students _____.
|
Are less prejudiced than students fifty years ago.
|
|
Prejudice is a matter of_____, and discrimination is a matter of _____.
|
attitudes; behavior
|
|
The United States is not truly pluralistic because ____
|
Different racial and ethnic categories are unequal in social standing
|
|
Which terms is illustrated by immigrants from Ecuador learning to speak the English language?
|
assimilation
|
|
During the late 1400s, when the first Europeans came to the Americans, Native Americans
|
Had inhabited this land or 30,000 years
|
|
Which is the largest category of Asian Americans in the US?
|
Chinese Americans.
|