Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
co-offenders
|
friends or acquaintances who participate in delinquency with another peer
|
|
enhancement model
|
the idea that adolescents who are already involved in delinquency are most apt to join a gang (selection) but, after joining, their delinquency is likely to increase significantly (facilitation)
|
|
esprit de corps
|
a sense of solidarity and awareness of being a distinct group
|
|
facilitation model
|
a "kind of group" explanation that suggests the normative structure of a gang, along with group processes and dynamics, increase delinquency among youth
|
|
Gang Reduction Program
|
an initiative within the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention that includes a framework for coordinating a wide range of activities that have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing gang activity and delinquency
|
|
Homeboy Industries
|
a los angelos based program that educates, trains, and finds jobs for at-risk youths and gang members
|
|
homophily
|
"love of the same"; the process by which people select to associate with those persons who are most similar to them
|
|
injunction (abatement)
|
a civil process in which gang members are prohibited from engaging in mundane activities, such as loitering at schools or hanging out on street corners; if they violate these mandates, they face arrest
|
|
klikas
|
age cohorts within hispanic gangs
|
|
member-based definition
|
defining a crime as "gang related" when a gang member or members are either the peretrators or the victims, regardless of the motive
|
|
motive-based definition
|
defining a crime as "gang related" when it is committed by a gang member or members, and the underlying reason for the crime is to further the interests and activities of the gang
|
|
peer group
|
a group of youths of similar ages and interests
|
|
peer rejection
|
the rejection of a child perceived to be antisocial by conventional peers
|
|
selection model
|
a "kind of person" explanation of gang initiation that argues adolescents with a strong propensity for delinquency seek out gangs
|
|
suppression
|
a police response to gang activity that includes selective surveillance, arrest, and prosecution of gang members
|
|
turf
|
a gang's sense of territoriality
|
|
youth gang
|
a group of youths who are willing to use deadly violence to claim and protect territory, to attack rival gangs, or to engage in criminal activity
|
|
adjudication
|
the stage in the juvenile justice system that parallels prosecution and trial in adult criminal courts
|
|
adjudication hearing
|
a hearing to determine whether a juvenile committed the offense of which he or she is accused
|
|
aftercare
|
the release and subsequent community supervision of an individual from a correctional facility, intended to ensure a more positive and effective transition back into the community
|
|
bail
|
money or a cash bond deposited with the court or bail bondsman allowing the person to be released on the assurance he or she will appear in court at the proper time
|
|
Breed v. Jones
|
U.S. supreme court decision that a criminal prosecution ofa child following a juvenile court hearing constitutes double jeopardy
|
|
demand waiver
|
process by which a juvenile may request to have his or her case transferred to criminal court
|
|
detention
|
the temporary custody and care of juvveniles pending adjudication, disposition, or implementation of disposition
|
|
disposition hearing
|
a hearing to determine the most appropriate placement of a juvenile adjudicated to be delinquent
|
|
diversion
|
the early suspension or termination of the official processing of a juvenile in favor of an informal or unofficial alternative
|
|
double jeopardy
|
rule that forbids criminal prosecution of a juvenile after he or she ahs been tried in juvenile court for the same offsense
|
|
electronic monitoring
|
an active or passive computer-based tracking system in which electronic signals are used to verify that the youth is where he or she is supposed to be
|
|
exclusionary rule
|
rule stating that illegally obtained evidence may not be admissible in a criminal prosecution or in a juvenile court adjudication hearing
|
|
home confinement
|
the intensive supervision and monitoring of an offending youth within his or her home environment
|
|
in re gault
|
case in which the u.s. supreme court held that juveniles could not be denied basic due process rights rights in juvenile hearings
|
|
in re winship
|
u.s. supreme court ruling that, in delinquency cases, juveniles should be convicted only if proof of their guilt beyond a resonable doubt exists
|
|
intake
|
the initial screening process in the juvenile court to determine whether a case should be processed further
|
|
intensive aftercare program (IAP)
|
equivalent to intensive parole supervision; a monitoring approach used to provide greater supervision of youths after their release from official institutions
|
|
judicial waiver
|
most common waiver procedure for transferring youths to criminal court, in which the judge is the primary decision maker
|
|
kent v. U.S.
|
u.s. supreme court decision requiring a formal waiver hearing before transfer of a juvenile to criminal court
|
|
mckeiver v. pennsylvania
|
u.s. supreme court decision that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial in juvenile court
|
|
petition
|
similar to an indictment; a written statement setting forth the specific charge that a delinquent act has been committed or that a child is dependent or neglected or needs supervision
|
|
police discretion
|
the authority of police to choose one course of action over another
|
|
probation
|
the conditional freedom granted by the court to an alleged or adjudicated offender, who must adhere to certain conditions and is generally supervised by a probation officer
|
|
prosecutorial waiver
|
process in which the prosecutor determines whether a charge against a juvenile should be filed in criminal or juvenile court
|
|
reverse waiver
|
process in which a juvenile contests a statutory exclusion or presecutorial transfer
|
|
roper v. simmons
|
U.S. supreme court decision that the death penalty for anyone who was younger than age 18 at the time of his or her crime is unconstitutional
|
|
schall v. martin
|
u.s. supreme court decision authorizing the preventive detention of juveniles who are identified as "serious risks" to the community if released
|
|
statutory exclusion
|
process established by statute that excludes certain juveniles, because of either age or offense, from juvenile court jurisdiction; charges are initially filed in criminal court
|
|
waiver of jurisdiction
|
a legal process to transfer a juvenile from juvenile to criminal court
|
|
wraparound programs
|
programs designed to build positive relationships and support networks between youths and their families, teachers, and community agencies through coordination of services
|
|
yarborough v. alvarado
|
u.s. supreme court ruling that police do not need to factor in the age and inexperience of a suspect in their decision about whether to read a juvenile his or her miranda rights if the youth is not believed to be "in custody"
|