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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anisogamy
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female choice, eggs much larger than sperm
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Batemann's principle
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female reproductive system typically limited by resources, males by access to mates
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sexual dimorphism
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difference between males and females (size, shape, etc.)
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runaway selection
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selection goes to far and offspring cannot survive (Irish elk)
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adaptation
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structure or function that arises because of selection
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exaptation
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structure whose current function isn't its original function
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contingency
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restricted by available variation (testis duct much longer than needed, no optimality)
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homology
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refers to structures that have same evolutionary origin
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analogy
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refers to structures with the same function
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Species Definition
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Morphological species concept - species is a group of organisms that look alike
Biological species concept - species is a group of interbreeding individuals reproductively isolated Phylogenetic species concept - species is an evolutionary unit (clade) defined by some diagnostic (unique) feature |
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Allopatric model of speciation
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begins with physical isolation either dispersal or vicariance
vicariance - any abiotic change that isoaltes members of a species |
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Sympatric model of speciation
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can have speciation w/o isolation, disruptive selection, very rare.
- plants often double their ploidy 2n to 4n offspring: instantaneous sympatric speciation |
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cladistics
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technique to allow us to recreate probable evolutionary pathways
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phylogeny
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evolutionary pathway
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primitive (plesiomorphic)
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close to what ancestor looked like, no evolutionary change
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derived (apomorphic)
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moved away from ancestry, evolutionary change from ancestral condition
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outgroup
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species just outside of the group of organisms being studied
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principle of parsimony
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we accept provisionally the phylogenetic tree (cladogram) with fewest evolutionary changes
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monophyletic group
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taxonomic group, includes ancestor and all descendant species; desirable for our taxonomy
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paraphyletic group
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group that includes the ancestor and some, but not all of descendant species
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reversal
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when a trait changes from its evolved form and goes back to the original
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polyphyletic group
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some descendent species, but not ancestral species
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convergence
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two species of different families converge and have similar characteristic(s)
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4 Types of Fossils
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1.) intact - pollen preserved intact
2.) compression - sediments accumulated on top 3.) cast 4.) permineralized - hardens into stone |
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molecular clock
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point mutations occur at a reasonably constant rate, allow us to track things like AIDS
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phyletic gradualism
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macroevolution occurs very slowly over long periods of time
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punctuated equilibrium
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idea that macroevolution isn't gradual but happens in spurts
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quantam speciation
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speciation occurs in a jump
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convergent evolution
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same changes take place among species that aren't related (same climates, different parts of the world)
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biogeographic hotspots
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vast amount of diversity in place
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incipient species
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not quite speciation, but on the way there
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ring species
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species interbreed along a line, but will not at end of circuit
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radiation
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an explosion of species (often seen on islands)
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endemic
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found nowhere else in the world
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first biomolecule
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thought to be RNA because it has a great template and catalytic function
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primary/secondary embosymbiosis
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cell that ingests another cell to help it survive (how there came to be mitochondria)
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