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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
classical conditioning |
refers to a type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli |
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stimulus |
any object or even that elicits (produces) a response from an organism |
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response |
is a reaction by an organism to a stimulus |
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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
is any stimulus that consistently produces a particular naturally occurring, automatic response. |
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Unconditioned response (UCR) |
is the response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented, it is a reflexive involuntary response that is predictably caused by a UCS |
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Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
is the stimulus that is 'neutral' at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the unconditioned response. |
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Conditioned response (CR) |
is the learned response that is produced by the CS, it occurs after the CS has been associated with the UCS. The behaviour in a CR is very similar to that of the UCR, but is triggered by the CS alone. |
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neutral stimulus (NS) |
is anything that does not normally produce a predictable response. |
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Acquistion |
is the overall process during which an organism learns to associate two events (the CS and the UCS) the duration of this stage is measured by the number of trials it takes for the CR to be acquired (learned) the end of this stage is said to occur when the CS alone produces the CR |
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Extinction |
is the gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented |
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Spontaneous recovery |
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented, following a rest period (eg. when no CS is presented) after the CR appears to have been extinguished. |
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Stimulus generalisation |
refers to the tendency for another stimulus that is similar to the original CS to produce a response that is similar (but not necessarily identical) to the CR |
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Stimulus discrimination |
occurs when a person or animal responds to the CS only, but not to any other stimulus that is similar to the S |
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Learning |
can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience |
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Graduate exposure |
involves presenting successive approximations of the CS until the CS itself does not produce the conditioned response it may involve: imaginal exposure - imagining each situation using visual imagery in vivo exposure - real life exposure to each fear producing situation |
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Flooding |
involves bringing the client into direct contact with the anxiety or fear producing stimulus and keeping them in contact with it until the conditioned response is extinguished. |
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aversion therapy |
a form of behaviour therapy that applies classical cond. processes to inhibit/discourage undesirable behaviour by associating it with an unpleasant stimulus (eg. disgust, pain, or nausea) |
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trial & error learning |
involves learning by trying alternative possibilities until the desired outcome is achieved. |
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5 key elements to observational learning |
1) attention 2) retention 3) replication 4) motivation & reinforcement |
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elements to trial&error learning |
-motivation --> a desire to attain some goal
-exploration --> an increase in activity, either purposeful or random -incorrect & correct responses -reward --> the correct response is made & rewarded |
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Operant conditioning |
a type of learning whereby the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future |
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Operant |
any response (or set of responses) that acts on the environment to produce some kind of consequence |
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response (oc) |
voluntary behaviour that occurs in the presence of the discriminative stimulus |
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consequence (oc) |
the environmental event that occurs immediately after the response and determines whether or not the response will occur |
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discriminative stimulus |
is the stimulus (object or event) that precedes a particular response |
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three phase model |
three parts that occur in a specific sequence in order for operant conditioning to take place |
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skinner box |
is a small chamber in which an experimental animal learns to make a particular response for which the consequences can be controlled by the researcher |
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frequency (oc) |
how often the response is made |
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speed (oc) |
rate of response |
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reinforcement |
occurs when a stimulus (object or event) strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows |
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Positive reinforcement |
occurs from giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made |
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Positive reinforcer |
is a stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response by providing a satisfying consequence |
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reinforcer |
is any stimulus (object or event) that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows |
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negative reinforcer |
any unpleasant or aversive stimulus that, when removed or avoided, strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response |
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negative reinforcement |
is the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus |