Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
*****Ivan Pavlov***** |
primary investigator of classical conditioning. this was secondary to his original research on physiology and digestion. |
|
unconditioned stimulus (US) |
Stimulation that naturally (without prior learning) elicits (brings about) a response
|
|
unconditioned response (UR)
|
a natural response (without prior learning) to an unconditioned stimulus
|
|
conditioned response (CR)
|
response elicited (occurring from) the neutral stimulus (often similar to the unconditioned response) |
|
neutral stimulus (NS) |
stimulation that elicits no response naturally (without prior learning) |
|
conditioned stimulus (CS)
|
stimulation that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with (paired with) an unconditioned stimulus
|
|
conditioning trial |
the process, or trial, of pairing the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus |
|
test trial |
a trial in which the neutral stimulus is presented alone to see if it elicits a response (measures if learning/classical conditioning has caught on or not) |
|
appetitive stimulus
|
an event or unconditioned stimulus that is pleasant and an organism will seek out
|
|
aversive stimulus
|
an event or unconditioned stimulus that is unpleasant and an organism will avoid
|
|
conditioned suppression |
conditioning that measures a decrease in behavior to show and association has been made. Used to measure fear conditioning. |
|
excitatory conditioning
|
conditioning in which the US is presented with the NS, an association is made, and the NS comes to elicit the response |
|
inhibitory conditioning
|
conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US, and thus, the NS signals that the US will not occur
|
|
delayed conditioning
|
conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and they occur simultaneously (this type works the best)
|
|
trace conditioning
|
conditioning procedure in which the onset and end of NS occur before the US is presented (animal must use memory to anticipate US... not as effective as DC).
|
|
simultaneous conditioning
|
conditioning procedure in which both the NS and the US are presented at same time (usually results in little or no conditioning)
|
|
backward conditioning
|
conditioning procedure in which the US is presented before the NS (usually results in no conditioning)
|
|
disHABITUATION
|
the reappearance of a habituated response following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus (NATURAL relationship) |
|
acquisition |
period of time during which a conditioned response is established; characterized by pairing the US with the NS (reaches asymptote) |
|
very intense US/NS equals |
stronger and more rapid conditioning |
|
*****extinction***** |
weakening or elimination of a conditioned stimulus that has been repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. achieved/tested by presenting the NS alone. |
|
*****spontaneous recovery***** |
reappearance of a conditioned response following a rest period after extinction (results in less response and shorter duration over time) |
|
disINHIBITION |
the reappearance of an extinguished response as a result of a new stimulus that has been introduced (a new stimulus brings back an old pattern, ARTIFICIAL, learned) |
|
(stimulus) generalization |
a conditioned response to similar stimuli. Achieved through conditioning with only one conditioned stimulus, then presenting many different conditioned stimuli during test trials |
|
semantic generalization |
generalization to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning (Ex: Greenie sounds like Reedy) |
|
*****stimulus discrimination***** |
conditioned response to only one stimulus. achieved by presenting many different stimuli, only one of which is presented with the US (CS+) while all the others are presented alone (CS-), (Ex: 800 Hz tone, stronger fear response to the 900 Hz tone than the 1000 Hz tone because 900 Hz is closer to 800 Hz). |
|
experimental neurosis |
experimentally produced disorder featuring neurosis-like symptoms as a result of unpredictable events (Ex: differentiating ovals and circles) |
|
*****higher order conditioning***** |
the process whereby a neutral stimulus that is associated with a CS is paired with an additional NS with the original CS, which then produces a new response. the response to the CS2 is usually weaker than the response to the US and the CS1. more likely to occur when the UR is aversive. |
|
first order conditioning |
pairing an NS with a US |
|
second order conditioing |
once an NS produces a response (becomes a CS), pairing an additional NS (#2) with original CS, which then also comes to produce a response |
|
third order conditioning |
lower response the farther you get away from the first stimulus |
|
sensory preconditioning |
twostages: (1) an association exists between two stimuli, A & B (2) anassociation later learned with A may then be a CS for B too, and vice versa. This is an example of latent learning. |
|
latent learning |
learning that occurs without reinforcement or evidence of learning and only becomes apparent at a later time |
|
compound stimulus |
two or more stimuli presented simultaneously |
|
overshadowing |
when presenting a compound stimulus, only the most salient will come to elicit a response as a CS |
|
overshadowing notation |
NS+US=UR CS=CR CS=CR NS=no reaction |
|
blocking |
an established CS prevents another NS from being conditioned (usually happens with something good/appetitive) |
|
latent inhibition |
inhibition with no evidence it is happening. happens with familiarity. an unfamiliar NS is more readily conditioned than a familiar NS |
|
temporal conditioning |
(time) conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time |
|
occasion setting |
a procedure in which a stimulus signals that a CS will be paired with a US |
|
US reVALUation |
a post-conditioning presentation of a CS at a different level of intensity, which alters the strength of response to the original CS OR a previous slight fear is increased through another unrelated response (Ex: getting hurt doesn't hurt as much as years of physical therapy) |
|
PSEUDOconditioning |
a response that appears (looks like) a CR, but it is actually just sensitization |
|
sensitization |
any change in environment could lead to a flexion response |
|
*****S-S model of conditioning***** |
the NS is associated with US and through an association elicits the same response as the UR, also, the CR should be a response that is identical to the UR
(Ex: no connection: bell= food, food= salivation) |
|
S-R model |
the NS becomes directly associated with UR and thus elicits the same response as the UR (Ex: all connected: bell=food, food= salivation, bell=salivation OR 2 different salivations: bell=food, bell= salivation, food= salivation) |
|
*****stimulus-substitution theory***** |
Pavolov, 1927: the CS acts as a substitute for the US (early S-S model) ...Hint: if asking about SS, see 2 S's in question itself usually (Ex: the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome because the metronome acts as a substitute for the food) sometimes, the CR and UR are QUITE DIFFERENT |
|
compensatory response model |
the compensatory after-reactions (opponent-process-theory) to a US may become to elicited by a CS. It is the exact opposite of the UR. |
|
Rescorla-Wagner Theory (1972) |
supposition that a given US can only support a limited amount of conditioning capacity, and this amount must be distinguishable among available CSs. |
|
associative value (in the R-W T) |
the amount of conditioning one CS may demonstrate. involves assigning numbers to each part of the experiment. Explains overshadowing and blocking. |
|
additive process (in the R-W T) |
the association values of stimuli that condition to a given response will sum to the total response to all the stimuli |
|
overexpectation |
a decrease in a given stimuli's associative value because of other stimuli presented |
|
phobias |
extreme, irrational fear response to a known stimulus |
|
phobia AS ASSOCIATION |
fear as a conditioned response (Ex: Little Albert) |
|
phobia AS OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING |
see and learn |
|
phobia based on TEMPERAMENT |
an organism is predisposed to the development of over-reactivity |
|
phobia AS EVOLUTIONARY PREPAREDNESS |
certain species are predisposed to fear certain stimuli (Ex: our ancestors that feared snakes lived longer)
|
|
phobia AS AN ISSUE OF CONTROL |
loss of control in one's environment may drive phobias |
|
incubation |
strength of a fear response by slight, brief exposure to the stimulus. developed over time. |
|
selective sensitization |
development of a phobia follows exposure to an unrelated stressful event (Ex: stressed= really upset by roommate crap= EXPLOSION) |
|
systematic desensitization |
a behavioral treatment for phobias that involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear |
|
counter-conditioning |
one response is associated with an event that leads to an incompatible response (Ex: fear and relaxation= incompatible, so pair it to calm down) an underlying process here is reciprocal inhibition |
|
reciprocal inhibition |
certain responses are incompatible with one another, one necessarily excludes the exhibition of another |
|
steps to systematic desensititization |
identify fear, take baby steps with exposure to fear and do calming techniques during the exposure... multiple tries with gradual increases should lead to success |
|
flooding |
an extreme exposure to a fear-causing event |
|
imaginal flooding |
person is asked to imagine the fear-causing stimulus and calm down |
|
in vivo flooding |
person is exposed to the fear-causing stimulus. (Can backfire, so risky.) |
|
immunosuppressants |
can be conditioned as exhibited by cancer patients, can also be stregnthened through classical conditioning |
|
chemotherapy |
many patients suffer from aversion to foods eaten right before treatment due to nausea (avoided by weird sucker) |
|
*****given that each drink contains the same amount of alcohol and that you drink each drink at the same rate, you will likely be more drunk if you are drinking something***** |
unfamiliar |
|
*****aversion therapy for alcoholism often involves pairing***** |
alcohol ingestion with nausea |
|
*****preparatory-response theory of conditioning***** |
the CR is actually simply preparing the organism for the presentation of the US. (Ex: tone= salivate because food is about to come) |