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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. How do all cells store their hereditary information? |
Hereditary information is stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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2. Define transcription and translation. |
Transcription: copying one strand of DNA into a complementary RNA sequence by the enzyme RNA Polymerase |
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3. What is the difference between the meanings of the words ‘genome’ and ‘genotype’? |
Genome: total of genetic information for an individual |
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4. What is the difference between genetic phenotype, cellular phenotype and molecular phenotype? |
Genetic phenotype: variations in observable features |
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5. Can you determine which of the following organisms is likely to be more complex? Explain your answer. |
Species B is more likely to be more complex |
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6. Are there genes that are shared between all organisms? If so, how many? |
Yes, there are about 60 genes common to all cellular organisms; they perform critical functions of cells |
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7. What are the non-nuclear contributions to eukaryotic genomes? |
Mitochondrial genome: humans ~16,000 bp -> 13 proteins, 2rRNA components & 23 tRNAs; some genes encoded in nucleus and transferred to mitochondria |
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8. What is the evolutionary history of these non-nuclear contributions? (i.e., how did they get inside of eukaryotic cells?) |
Endosymbiotic Theory: ancestral eukaryotic cell endocytosed an aerobic prokaryote |
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9. The small ribosomal subunit is highly conserved across all species. What does that tell us about this gene? Why doesn’t it get mutated as often as other genes? |
This gene is highly critical for cellular function and that is why it is highly conserved. |
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10. Why can scientists use model organisms to study genes and diseases that are relevant to humans? |
We can study genes that are highly conserved between these model organisms and humans because these genes are responsible for critical cellular function. The structure and function of these genes are highly conserved between organisms. |