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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water makes up what percentage of plasma? |
90% |
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The blood cell that is responsible for defense against parasites is the? |
eosinophil |
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The inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body is called ? |
anemia |
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The common laboratory test used to analyze the volume of RBC's in a blood sample is the? |
hematocrit |
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A decrease in the amount of the white blood cells is called? |
Leukopenia |
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Platelets play an important role in? |
blood clotting |
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If part of a clot dislodges and circulates through the bloodstream, the dislodged part is called? |
embolus |
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The term blood type refers to the type of ? |
antigen |
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A disease that develops as a result of a mother's Rh antibodies reacting with the Rh-positive baby is? |
Erythroblastosis fetalis |
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What is the average normal pH range of blood? |
7.35 to 7.45 |
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Which of the choices below is the parent stem cell for all formed elements of blood? |
Hemocytoblast |
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Which blood type is called a universal donor? |
type O negative |
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Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? |
Hypoxic conditions |
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A lack of intrinsic factor leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 is a characteristic of? |
Pernicious Anemia |
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What is a characteristic of all leukocytes? |
They are all nucleated |
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What is the correct sequence for the following events? |
1-Production of prothrombin activator and calcium 2-Prothrombin to thrombin 3-fibrinogen to fibrin 4-clot formation |
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Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean? |
there are no antibodies to A, to B or t Rh antigens in the plasma. |
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When can erythroblastosis fetalis NOT possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother? |
If the father is Rh negative |
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What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? |
Kidney |
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What percentage total blood volume is comprised of leukocytes? |
<1% |
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Predict the possible blood type outcomes of a baby whose mother is blood type B and the father is blood type A. |
AB, A, B, O |
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After centrifuging, of the listed blood components, which contains the components of immune function? |
buffy coat |
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Antihistamines counter the actions of which white blood cells? |
basophils |
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An oral heparin medication might be prescribed for a patient who? |
is at risk for emoblism (clot that spontaneously form and wedge into blood vessels) |
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The approximate number of red blood cells in a cubic milimeter of blood is? |
4 million to 6 million |
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Rhogam injection contains?? |
Antibodies |
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Polycythemia can be caused by? |
overproduction of red blood cells |
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Erythropoiesis is best defined as? |
red cell production |
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which white blood cells produce antibodies? |
B lymphocytes |
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Which white blood cells directly attack microbes? |
T lymphocytes |
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In order for thrombin to be formed? |
Calcium must be present |
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the blood type that has antigen A on the blood cell surface and anti B antibody in the plasma is? |
Type A |
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The blood type with no antigens on the blood cell surface and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma is? |
Type O |
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Overproduction of white blood cells is termed? |
Leukocytosis |
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The BLANK membrane directly covers the heart? |
Visceral layer of serous pericardium |
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Muscle masses exclusively located in the walls of the receiving chambers are? |
pectinate muscles |
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The term for chest pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart is? |
Angina pectoris |
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The heart is located? |
2/3 to the left of the midsternal line |
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The chambers of the heart include? |
two lower larger ventricles and two smaller upper atria |
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The innermost layer of the heart wall is called the? |
endocardium |
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The electrical connectors between heart muscle cells are called? |
intercalated discs |
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The blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart are the? |
veins |
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The first blood vessel of systemic circulation is the? |
aorta |
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The last blood vessel of the pulmonary circulation is the? |
pulmonary vein |
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The presence of intercalated discs between adjacent cardiac muscle cells causes the heart to behave as a? |
Functional syncytium |
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The "lub dub" heart sounds are produced by ? |
Closing of the atrioventricular valves (lub) and the closing of the semilunar valves (dub) |
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The right side of the heart ? |
deals with deoxygenated blood |
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which of the following muscles contract to form a tight seal such that regurgitation or leakage of blood back into atria from ventricles does not occur? |
Papillary muscles |
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Why is high blood pressure damaging to the heart? |
Ventricles must contract more forcefully to expel the same amount of blood |
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atrial systole occurs_______ the firing of the sinoatrial node? |
after |
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The tricuspid valve is closed when? |
When the ventricle is in systole |
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The upper chambers are? |
Receiving chambers |
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The correct sequence for the conduction system of the heart is? |
SA node, AV node, bundle of his, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers. |
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Pulse can be felt? |
only in arteries |
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The layer of the arteries and veins that contains smooth muscle is called? |
Tunica Media |
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In a normal heart, which of the following structures is responsible for setting the hearts pace? |
sinoatrial node |
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The term blood pressure generally refers to the force exerted by blood upon the walls of the? |
arteries |
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A systolic pressure of 120-139 mmHg or diastolic pressure of 80-89 mmHg is considered ? |
pre-hypertensive |
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what is the average heart rate in a normal individual? |
72 beats per minute |
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how long does it take for ventricles to fill with blood and expel its contents out of the heart? |
0.8 seconds |
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The loss of neutralization of opposing electrical charges is termed? |
depolarization |
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respiratory mucosa refers to___ and the underlying areolar connective tissue? |
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
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the theoretical value for vital capacity is approximately? |
5000 mL |
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Which is the medical term for breathing? |
pulmonary ventilation |
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which of the following comprises the lower respiratory tract? |
bronchi, trachea, alveoli |
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Total lung capacity is a combination of vital capacity and? |
residual volume |
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air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ? |
greater then the pressure in the atmosphere |
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Which is maintains the patency (openess) of the trachea? |
cartilage rings |
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normal breathing rate is about? |
12-18 breaths per minute |
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the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person os? |
increase of carbon dioxide |
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tidal volume is air that is what? |
exchanged during normal breathing
|
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which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? |
partial pressure gradient |
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The lung volume that represents the total volume of air that can be breathed out in one expiration is the? |
vital capacity |
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cerebral cortex is responsible for what controlled respiratory activity? |
voluntary |
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the amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called? |
inspiratory reserve |
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which respiratory associated muscled would contract if you were to exhale forcefully ? |
internal intercostals and abdominal muscle would contract |
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which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? |
alveoli |
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the respiratory membrane is a combination of? |
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membrane |
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The following sinuses drain into the nose? |
ethmoid, sphenoidal, frontal, and maxillary |
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respiratory control centers are located in? |
medulla and pons |
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the production of carbonic acid from water and CO2 causes? |
blood pH to decrease |
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volumes of air exchange in breathing can be measured by? |
spirometer |
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what kind of cartilage forms tracheal rings? |
hyalline |
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normal breathing tube is? |
eupnea |
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gas exchange by diffusion in tissues is termed? |
internal respiration |
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chemoreceptors are located in the? |
aortic arch and carotid sinus |
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gas exchange by diffusion in lungs involves? |
exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli and blood |
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the average individual has how much of residual volume in his or her lungs? |
1200 mL |
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during normal quiet breathing approximately how much air moves in and out of the lungs with each breath? |
500 mL |
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people who have their adenoids removed to cut down on snoring are having their what removed? |
pharyngeal tonsils |
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two gases contribute to 99% of the total of total atmospheric pressure. These gasses are? |
N2 and O2 |
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for what metabolic reason does respiration occur? |
to supply cells with O2 for ATP synthesis and to remove CO2 from blood |
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even the most forceful exhalation levels air in the lungs. This is called what and is needed why? |
Residual volume and they keep alveoli patent |
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sufactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by? |
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules thereby reducing the surface tension inside alveoli |
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what is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea? |
cricoid cartilage |
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after leaving the trachea during inspiration, air then moves into the? |
primary bronchi |
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the thyroid cartilage (adams apple) is part of the? |
larynx |
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An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the presence of the container? |
decrease the pressure |
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A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate? |
increase |
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the most important muscle of inspiration is the? |
diaphragm |
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the alimentary canal is also termed? |
the gastrointestinal tract (GI) |
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which of the following statements is true regarding peristalis and segmenation? |
Peristalis: contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle propels and moves food along the length of the GI tract distally. Segmentation: contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle are responsible for back and forth mixing of food |
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segmentation primarily occurs in the? |
small intestine |
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the serosa layer is the same as the? |
visceral peritoneum |
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what are the small elevations on the mucous lining of the tongue? |
papillae |
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what is the hardest tissue in the body? |
enamel |
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food that leaves the small intestine is called? |
fecal matter |
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food that leaves the stomach is called the? |
chyme |
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which structure opens into the duodenum and prevents back flow into the stomach? |
pyloric sphincter |
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what is the largest gland in the body? |
liver |
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how does the stomach protect itself from digestion from HCL? |
secreted mucous |
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which of the following organs of the digestive tract is absolutely required for survival? |
liver |
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what two hormones are secreted by the pancreas? |
glucagon and insulin |
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which of the following organs of the digestive is not involved in the digestion of food? |
large intestine |
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which structure prevents backflow of waste in the small intestine? |
cecum |
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what is the primary function of the small intestine? |
absorption of water and food/nutrients |
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which of the following is a vestigial structure of the digestive system that serves no known digestive or physiological purpose? |
appendix |
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the structure known as the lace apron that hangs down from the inferior edge of the stomach and transverse colon over the intestines is? |
greater omentum |
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where does carbohydrate digestion mainly occur? |
small intestine |
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the sheets of peritoneum that hold organs of the digestive tract in place are called? |
mesentery |
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The walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order starting from the lumen? |
mucosa-submucosa-muscularis-serosa |