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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone
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epiphyses
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progress toward physical maturity
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skeletal age
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a curve that represents overall changes in body size - rapid growth during infancy, slower gains in early and middle childhood, and rapid growth once more during adolescence
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general growth curve
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the hemisphere of the brain responsible for skilled motor action. the left hemisphere is dominant in right-handed individuals. in left-handed individuals, the right hemisphere may be dominant, or motor and language skills may be shared between the hemispheres.
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dominant cerebral hemisphere
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a brain structure that aids in balance and control of body movements
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cerebellum
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a structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness
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reticular formation
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a large bundle of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
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corpus callosum
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a gland located near the base of the brain that releases hormones that induce physical growth
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pituitary gland
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a pituitary hormone that from birth on is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and genitals
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growth hormone (GH)
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a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and body growth
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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a growth disorder observed between 2 and 15 years of age. characterized by very short stature, decreased GH secretion, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems. caused by emotional deprivation
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psychosocial dwarfism
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Piaget's second stage, in which rapid growth in representation takes place. However, thought is not yet logical. Spans the years from 2 to 7.
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preoperational stage
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the make-believe play with others that is under way by age 2.5 and increases rapidly during the next few years
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sociodramatic play
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viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol
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dual representation
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failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own
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egocentrism
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the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions
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animistic thinking
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the understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
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conservation
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the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect the other important features
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centration
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the inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point
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irreversibility
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the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences between the groups
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hierarchial classification
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self-directed speech that children often use to plan and guide their own behavior
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private speech
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adjusting the quality of support during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance; direct instruction is offered when a task is new; less help is provided as competence increases
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scaffolding
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shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication
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guided participation
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deliberate mental activities that improve the likelihood of remembering
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memory strategies
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general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation
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scripts
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thinking about thought; awareness of mental activities
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metacognition
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young children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
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emergent literacy
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a principle specifying order relationships between quantities, such as three is more than two and two is more than one
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ordinality
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the mathematical principle that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set
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cardinality
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preschools and kindergartens in which teachers provide a wide variety of activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play.
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child-centered programs
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preschools and kindergartens in which teachers structure children's learning, teaching academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill
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academic programs
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a US federal program that provides poverty-stricken children with a year or two of preschool along with nutitional and health services and that encourages parent involvement in program planning and children's learning
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Project Head Start
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a canadian federal program that provides First Nations, Inuit,, and Metis children younger than age 6 with preschool education and nutritional and health services and that encourages parent involvement in program planning and children's learning
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Aboriginal Head Start
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connecting a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter
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fast-mapping
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application of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions
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overregularization
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the practical, social side of language that is concerned with how to engage in effective and appropriate communication with others
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pragmatics
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adult repsonses that restructure children's incorrect speech into a more mature form
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recasts
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adult responses that that elaborate on children's speech, increasing its complexity
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expansions
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