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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Language Contact:
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existence and use of more than one language in the same place at the same time
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Contact Languages:
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the languages that are used in the types of contact situations such as trade, colonization/slavery, war, immigration
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Lingua Franca:
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- a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them
- a language used for communication between people whose first languages differ - : a language serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community |
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Pidgin:
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- a contact language with no native speakers
- : developed as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language |
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Pidginization:
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the process when a language (pidgin) becomes made up of elements of two or more other languages and is used for contacts between speakers of other languages
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Polysemy:
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a linguistic feature in which the capacity for a sign (e.g. word) to have multiple related meanings is large
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Creole:
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- a pidgin which has acquired native speakers
- a pidgin which has undergone creolization |
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Creolization:
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the process by which a pidgin becomes a creole
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Monogenetic:
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all pidgins and creoles are descended from one family tree
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Polygenetic:
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every pidgin and creole is uniquely developed from language contact
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Decreolisation:
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when a creole is used side-by-side with the standard variety in a community where social barriers are not insuperable, features of the creole tend to change in the direction of the standard variety
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Language Change:
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Variation over time which originates in spacial (regional) and social variation
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Group-to-group change:
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Variant used by one group becomes used by other groups
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Style-to style change:
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Feature of one style of speech spreads to other styles; change spreads from one style to another (e.g. more formal speech to casual speech)
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Lexical Diffusion:
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Sound changes spread from one word to another and so on
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Real Time Study:
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Comparing how people speak at one time with another time
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Apparent Time Study:
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Compare speakers of different age groups at a single point in time
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Stable Variation:
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Variation exists within a variety or language but it remains the same (i.e. doesn’t change)
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Stability:
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A variation exists but it doesn’t change over time
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Age-Grading:
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Sudden language change in an individual
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Generational Change:
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Each new generation uses more of the variant or each generation uses a different variant
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Community-Wide Change:
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Everyone in the community changes more or less at the same time
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Disyllabic:
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two syllable pronunciation of a single syllable
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Lexical Variation:
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Variation in words used
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Phonological Variation:
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Variation in the pronunciation of sounds (i.e. consonants and vowels)
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Shift:
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Replacing one language by another as the primary means of communication and socialisation in a community (coined by Joshua Fishman in 1964)
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Language death:
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A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it anymore
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Language loss:
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- The manifestation, in the individual’s experience, of wide-scale language death.
- One individual losing a language |
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Displace:
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One language/thing replaces another language/thing
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Passive bilingual:
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Completely understands the language but can’t or won’t speak it
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Assimilation:
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The language or culture coming to resemble another language or culture
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Stable Diglossic Community:
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Continuous bilingualism in a community, with both high and low variety present
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Intermarriage:
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Marrying between different groups
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Maintenance:
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Continuing use of one language in the face of competition from a more powerful language in a community (coined by Joshua Fishman in 1964)
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Revitalisation:
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Making sure a language doesn’t die once the language is in danger
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Intergenerational Transmission:
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Parents passing a language onto children
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Language Planning:
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Deliberate language change; a deliberate step-by-step intervention
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Language Planners:
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People who develop a policy of language use which will solve the problems appropriately in particular speech communities
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National Language:
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the language of a political, cultural and social unit which is a symbol of national unity or identity
- functions: identify and unite its people - Symbolic; affective or ideological value |
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Official Language:
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a language which may be used for government or official business
- functions: primarily utilitarian/pragmatic rather than symbolic - Practical; referential or instrumental value |
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De facto:
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Actual official language of government and education despite not being declared
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De jure:
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Legal status as official languages
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Selection:
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Choosing the variety or code to be developed
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Corpus Planning/Codifying:
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Standardising the languages structural or linguistic features, making changes as needed and making a record
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Orthography:
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Alphabet and spelling
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Elaborating:
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Status Planning
- Extending a languages functions for use in new domains |
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Securing/Acceptance:
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Status Planning
- giving the declared variety higher status/prestige - to do with the attitude of the people - encouraging people to develop pride/loyalty |
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Standardization:
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Developing a low variety for use in high domains
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Vernacularization:
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Developing a high variety for use in low domains
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