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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Inductive Arguments
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Prediction
Analogy Generalization Authority Signs Causal Inference |
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Types of Deductive Arguments
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Math
Definition Categorical Syllogism Hypothetical Syllogism Disjunctive Syllogism |
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What are the indicator words for a Categorical Syllogism?
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All, Some, & Know
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What are the indicator words for a hypothetical syll?
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If....then
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What are the indicator words for disjunctive syllogism?
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either... or...
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Definition of a sound argument
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argument that is valid and has ALL true premises.
sound = valid arg. + all true prem. |
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A deductively valid argument can have a true conclusion
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True
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Definition of a Cogent Agrument
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Inductive, strong, & all true prem.
cogent = strong + all true prem. |
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Valid deductive argument
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it is impossible for the conclusion to be false, give that the premises are true.
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Invalid Deductive Argument
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It is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
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Weak Inductive Argument
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The conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, even though it is claimed to.
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Strong Inductive Argument
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inductive argument...it is improbable that the conclusion be false give that the premises are true.
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Deductive Arguments
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involve necessary reasoning
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Inductive arguments
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involve probalistic reasoning
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A sound argument may have a false conclusion
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False
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A strong argument may have a false premise & a probably false conclusion.
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True
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If you have a valid argument with all true premises, its conclusion cannot be false.
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True
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Inductive arguments admit varying degrees of strength & weakness.
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True
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A argument can be sound, but not valid.
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False
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A deductively valid argument can have a false conclusion
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True
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A valid argument may have a false premise & a true conclusion.
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True
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If an argument is sound, it is impossible for it to have a false conclusion.
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True
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A cogent argument can have false premises.
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False
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If an inductive argument is strong & cogent, then it's conclusion is Necessarily true.
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False
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If you have an argument with obviously true premises & an obvioulsy true conclusion, you necessarily have a valid argument.
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false
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If an argument is deductively invalid, the premises may be true.
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True
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A statement may be legitimately spoken of as "valid" or "invalid."
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False
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An argument may be legitimately spoken of as "true or false."
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False
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If an argument has a true premise & a true conclusion, we know that it's a perfectly good arguement.
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False
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A cogent argument must be inductively strong.
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True
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A cogent argument may have a probably false conclusion.
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False
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A strong argument may have true premises and a probably false conclusion
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False
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A valid argument may have a false premise & a false conclusion.
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True
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If a deductive argument has true premises & a false conclusion it is necessarily invalid.
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True
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Inductive arguments admit varying degrees of strength and weakness.
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True
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Some argument, while not completely valid, are almost valid.
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False
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Conclusion Indicator Word
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Therefore
Accordingly Entails that Wherefore We May Conclude |
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Conclusion Indicator Words
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Hence
Thus It must be that It follows that Consequently |
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Conclusion Indicator Words
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For this reason
Implies that We May Infer So As a result Apparently |
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Premise Indicator Words
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Since
May be infered from Seeing that In that For the reason that |
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More Premise Indicator Words
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Because
As Inasmuchas For As indicate by |
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Premise indicator words
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Give that
owing to |
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AD BAC
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Appeal to Force
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Ad Mis
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Appeal to pity
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Ad pop
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Appeal to the people
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Ad Hom
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Argument against the person
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Tu quo
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"You Too" hypocrisy
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Accident
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Making acception to the general rule.
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Straw Man
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Distort the Argument
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Red Herring
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Distraction
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Ad Vere
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Appeal to false authority
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Ad Ig
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Appeal to ignorance
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Hasty generalization
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Too small of a sample population
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False Cause
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Superstitous/cause & effect
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Slippery Slope
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Innocent first step = disaster
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Weak analogy
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A....
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Complex Question
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2 questions = 1 question & 1 answer... leading question.
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False Dichotomy
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ultimatium
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Equivocation
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Sematics... meaning of words change.
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Amphiboly
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syntax... ambiguous grammar
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Composition
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parts to whole
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Division
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whole to parts
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Begging the Question
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Circular Reasoning
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