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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Activation of which receptors constrict blood vessels? |
a1; activated by NE |
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Activation of which receptors stimulate sweat glands? What's the neurotransmitter? |
M3; ACh |
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Contraction of the bladder sphincter is achieved through which receptor and neurotransmitter? |
a1; NE |
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Preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate where? Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate where? |
Sympathetic - Thoracolumbar region T1 to L3 in the IML Parasympathetic - Craniosacral segments |
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How is the adrenal medulla innervated? |
By preganglionic sympathetic axons, and the adrenal chromaffin cells produce primarily epinephrine |
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Pupilloconstriction and accommodation is achieved through which parasympathetic nucleus? |
Edinger-Westphal |
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Lacrimation is achieved through which parasympathetic nucleus? |
1. Superior salivatory nucleus (CN VIII [submaxillary and sublingual glands]) 2. Inferior salivatory (CN IX [parotid glands]) |
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Salivationis achieved through which parasympathetic nucleus? |
Superior salivatory nucleus (CN VII) |
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Role of hypothalamus? |
Coordinate patterns of autonomic, endocrine, arousal, and behavioural responses according to the stimulus |
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Where is the insular cortex located? |
Folded within the sylvian fissure |
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Role of insular cortex? |
Integrate visceral sensation with pain and temperature sensation, providing conscious perception of the bodily state |
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Function of the anterior cingulate cortex? |
Modulation of autonomic output involved in goal-directed behaviour |
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Function of the amygdala |
PRovide emotional significance to sensory stimuli |
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Function of the preoptic region of the hypothalamus |
Integration of autonomic, endocrine, and behavioural responses for homeostasis, stress response, and immune modulation |
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Role of the periaqueductal gray |
Integration of autonomic, somatic, and pain modulating responses |
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Function of parabrachial nucleus |
Integration and relay of somatic and visceral inputs to the hypothalamus, thalamus, and amygdala |
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Role of the nucleus of the solitary tract |
Site for relay of taste and visceral afferents; reflexes to multiple areas |
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Function of the ventrolateral medulla |
Control of vasomotor tone related to blood pressure and for respiratory pattern generation |
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Role of the medullary raphe |
Control of sympathetic tone (vasoconstriction) to skin |
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Where is the amygdala located? |
Just anterior to the hippocampus |
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Horner syndrome is characterized by |
1. Miosis 2. Ptosis 3. Anhidrosis |
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Cause of Horner syndrome? |
Lesion anywhere along the 3-neuron course; ICA lesions distal to the bifurcation may result in only miosis and ptosis without anhidrosis because the sudomotor fibers to the face travel along the external carotid artery |
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Muscles responsible for bladder emptying |
1. Contraction of the detrusor muscle 2. Relaxation of the sphincter |
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Describe the pathway leading to bladder emptying when the bladder is full |
Afferent information ent to periaqueductal gray and parabrachial nucleus --> periaqueductal gray matter projects to pontine micturition center nad is excitatory --> sacral spinal cord --> activates parasympathetic fibers innervating the detrusor muscle, and inhibits the motor neurons in the Onuf nucleus -> Relaxing external bladder sphincter |
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Mechanism behind referred pain? |
Visceral afferents converge with somatic afferents |