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99 Cards in this Set
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leaflet
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thin, flattened structure; term used to describe the leaf-shaped structures that compose a heart valve
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lumen
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tubular space or channel within any organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine or tube
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regurgitation
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backflow or ejecting contents through an opening
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sphincter
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circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that contracts or dilates to regulate passage of substances though its opening
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vasoconstriction
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narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes
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vasodilatation
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widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
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viscosity
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state of being sticky or gummy
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endocardium
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serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
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myocardium
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the muscular layer of the heart
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epicardium
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outermost layer of the heart
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aneurysm/o
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widened blood vessel
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aneurysmorrhaphy - suture of an aneurysm
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angi/o
vascul/o |
vessel
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vasculitis
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inflammation of the blood vessels
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angioplasty
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surgical repair of a vessel
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aort/o
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aorta
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arteri/o
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artery
arteriorrhexis - rupture of an artery |
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arteriol/o
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arteriol
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atri/o
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atrium
atriomegaly - enlargement of the atrium |
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ather/o
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fatty plaque
atheroma - tumor of fatty plaque |
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cardi/o
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heart
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electr/o
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electricity
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embol/o
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embolus (plug)
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hemangi/o
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blood vessel
hemangioma - tumor of blood vessels |
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my/o
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muscle
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phleb/o
ven/o |
vein
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phlebectasis - expansion of a vein
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scler/o
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hardening; sclera (white of the eye)
arteriosclerosis - hardening of the artery |
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sept/o
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septum
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sphygm/o
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pulse
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sphygmoid - resembling a pulse
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sten/o
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narrowing, stricture
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thromb/o
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blood clot
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ventricul/o
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ventricle (of heart or brain)
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-sphyxia
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pulse
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-stenosis
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narrowing, stricture
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CABG
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coronary artery bypass graft
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endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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aneurysm
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localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
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arrest
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condition of being stopped or brining to a stop
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cardiac arrest
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loss of effective cardiac function
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circulatory arrest
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cessation of the circulation of blood due to ventricular standstill or fibrillation
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arrhythmia
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inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, possibly including a rapid or slow beat or skipping a beat. also called dysryhthmia
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bruit
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soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both, also called murmur
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cardiomyopathy
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any disease or weakening of the heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
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causes of cardiomyopathy include viral or bacterial infections, metabolic disorders, or general systemic disease
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catheter
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thin, flexible, hollow plastic tube that is small enough to be threaded through a vein, artery or tubular space
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coarctation
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narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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blood clot that forms deep in the veins of the body, especially hose in legs or thighs
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In DVT, blood clots may break away from the vein wall and travel in the body. If they lodge in the lung the condition is called pulmonary embolism.
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ejection fraction (EF)
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calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction
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The left ventricular EF averages 50% to 70% in healthy hearts but can be markedly reduced if part of the heart muscle dies, as evident after an MI or in cardiomyopathy or valvular disease
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heart failure
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failure of the heart to supply an adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs
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embolus
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mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, air, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in blood or lymphatic channels until becomes lodged in a vessel
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fibrillation
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quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions, especially of the heart, causing ineffectual contractions
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commonly corrected with defibrillator
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hemostasis
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arrest of bleeding or circulation
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hyperlipidemia
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excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
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Hypertension (HTN)
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common disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure persistently exceeding 140 mm Hg systolic, 90mm Hg diastolic
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primary hypertension
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HTN in which there is no identifiable cause, also called essential hypertension
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most common form
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secondary hypertension
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HTN that results from an underlying, identifiable, commonly correctable cause
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hypertensive heart disease
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any heart disorder caused by prolonged hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure
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implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
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implantable battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart
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In ventricular fibrillation, the heart quivers rather than beats,and blood is not pumped to the brain. Unless treatment is received within 5-10 minutes, ventricular fibrillation causes death
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infarct
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area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply
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ischemia
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local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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common and occasional serious condition in which the leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole causing characteristic murmur heard on auscultation
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Common signs of and symptoms of MVP include palpitations of the heart and occasionally, panic attacks, with pounding heartbeat. Because of the possibility of valve infection, prophylactic treatment with antibiotics is suggested before undergoing invasive procedures such as dental work
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cardioversion
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procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest
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palpitation
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sensation that the heart is not beating normally, possibly including thumping, fluttering, skipped beats, or a pounding feeling in the chest
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patent duct arteriosus
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failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery
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perfusion
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circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ
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tetralogy of fallot
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congenital anomaly consisting of four elements: (1) pulmonary artery stenosis, (2) inter ventricular septal defect, (3) transposition of the aorta, so that both ventricles empty into the aorta, (4) right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle
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stent
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slender threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries
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stents are used to support tubular structures that are being anastomosed or to induce maintain patency within the tubular structures
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thrombus
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blood clot that obstructs a vessel
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cardiac catheterization (CC)
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passage of catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
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CC gathers information about the heart, such as blood supply through the coronary arteries and blood flow and pressure in the chambers of the heart as well as enabling blood sample collection and x-rays of the heart
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electrocardiogram
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graphic line recording that shows the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
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ECGs help diagnose abnormal heart rhythms and myocardial damage
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Holter monitor test
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ECG taken with a small portable recording system capable of storing up to 24 hours of ECG tracings
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Holter monitoring is particularly useful in obtaining cardiac arrhythmia record that would be missing during an ECG of only a few minutes
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nuclear ECG
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ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow
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In a nuclear stress test, the radioisotope is injected at the height of exercise. The area not receiving sufficient oxygen is visualized by decreased uptake of the isotope
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stress test
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ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions
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cardiac enzyme studies
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blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase (CK-MB)
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cardiac enzymes are released into the bloodstream from damaged heart muscle tissue. Their presence in a blood specimen is consistent with myocardial damage
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lipid panel
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series of tests (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and trigs) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
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angiography
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radiographic imaging of the heart and blood vessels after injection of a contrast dye
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coronary angiography
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angiography to determine the degree of obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
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digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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angiography in which two radiographic images are obtained, the first one without contrast material and the second one after a contrast material has been injected, and then compared by a computer that digitally subtracts the images of soft tissue, bones, muscles, leaving only the image of the vessels with contrast
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aortography
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radiological examination of the aorta and its branches following injection of a contrast medium via a catheter
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echocardiography (ECHO)
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noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures and produce images of the heart
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A transducer is placed on the best to direct ultra-high-frequency sound waves toward cardiac structures. Reflected echoes are then converted to electrical impulses and displayed on a screen
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doppler ultrasound
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noninvasive adaption of ultrasound technology in which blood flow velocity is assessed in different areas of the heart
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multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA)
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nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to produce movie-like images of the structures of the heart, including the myocardium and the mitral and tricuspid valves
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The MUGA scan shows the motion of the heart wall muscle and the ventricles ability to eject blood
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phonocardiography
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Imaging technique that provides graphic display of heart sounds and murmurs during the cardiac cycle
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A transducer sends ultrasonic pulses through the chest wall and the echoes are converted into images on a monitor to assess overall cardiac performance
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scintigraphy
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diagnostic test that uses radiation emitted by the body after injection of radioactive substances to create images of various organs or identify body functions and diseases
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scintigraphy identifies infarcted or scarred areas of the heart that show up as "cold spots" (areas of reduced radioactivity), taken when patient is at rest
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thallium study
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scintigraphy procedure that uses injected radioactive thallium and records the uptake of the isotope with a gamma camera to produce an image
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A stress thallium study is commonly performed at the same tome as a resting study to further identify abnormalities
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venography
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radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, which indicates obstruction
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venography is primarily used to locate blood clots in the veins of the leg
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cardioversion
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procedure to restore noral rhythm to the heart by applying a controlled electrical stock to the exterior of the chest
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embolization
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technique used to block blood flow to a site by passing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specially designed to occlude the vessel
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embolization may serve to eliminate an abnormal communication between an artery and a vein, stop bleeding, or close vessels that are supporting tumor growth
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sclerotherapy
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injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein
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sclerotherapy is commonly performed to treat varicose veins and sometimes telangiectasis
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angioplasty
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procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a ballon catheter
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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dilation of an occluded vessel using a balloon catheter under fluoroscopic guidance
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In PTCA, the physician inserts a catheter transcutaneously, inflates the balloon thereby dilating the narrowed vessel, and commonly positions a stent to hold the vessel open
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atherectomy
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removal of material from an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device
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catheter ablation
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deconstruction of conduction tissue tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conduction pathway causing arrhythmia, thus allowing normal heart rhythm to resume
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commissurotomy
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surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their "commissures" (points of touching)
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many candidates for commisurotomy are now treated with balloon or mitral valvuloplasty
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laser ablation
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procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins
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ligation and stripping
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trying a varicose (ligation) vein followed by removing (stripping) of the affected segment
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open heart surgery
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surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of the heart-lung machine
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pericardiocentesis
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puncturing of the pericardium to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac or to test for protein, sugar, and enzymes or determine causative organism for pericarditis
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thrombolysis
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deconstruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator
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valvotomy
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incision of a valve to increase size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis
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venipuncture
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puncture of a vein by a needle attached to a syringe or catheter to withdraw a specimen of blood, also called phlebotomy
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