Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- describes how an impulse moves along a cell membrane, most commonly the axon of a nerve cell. - In order to ensure an action potential continues without being lost or without the amount of depolarization being reduced to below threshold (some ions will continue to move out of the cell via leakage channels), the action potential needs to continue along the axon. |
Action potential propagation |
|
This transmission of the depolarization process along a nerve or muscle fiber is called ________or_______. |
Action potential propagation ( nerve or musclnodese impulse.) |
|
It conducts the Action Potential |
Axon membrane |
|
It Surrounds the axon |
Myelin Sheath |
|
ICF of axon |
Axoplasm |
|
the membrane contains sphingomyelin which is a great electrical insulator |
Schwann Cell |
|
1-3 micrometer along the length of myelin sheath dress |
Node of Ranvier |
|
This lets ion flow with ease through axon membrane between ECF and ICF of axon |
NR |
|
The action potential from node to nodeNerve impulse jumps along fiber |
SALTATORY CONDUCTION |
|
causes depolarization process to jump along axis of nerve fiber (increase velocity of nerve transmission) |
Saltatory conduction |
|
conserves energy for axon since nodes only are the one depolarizes |
Saltatory conduction |
|
Inhibits the excitabilityNo action potentialLOCAL ANESTHETICSLidocaine and procaineMOA: Inhibit Na influx by blocking Na voltage gated channels which makes it inactivated 🡪 No Action Potential 🡪 No pain impulse |
Stabilizer |
|
there is a potential difference across the cell membrane, the membrane is said to be |
Polarized |
|
If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be______ |
Depolarized |
|
If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be ________. |
hyperpolarized |
|
___________ causing both depolarization and repolarization of the nerve membrane during the action potential |
VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM ANDPOTASSIUM CHANNELS |
|
Factors of depolarization and repolarization |
Voltage gated potassium channel Voltage gated sodium channel |
|
The difference between resting potential and action potential rests primarily on the difference in inner membrane voltage |
Resting stage |
|
Within a few 10,000ths of a second after the membrane becomes highly permeable to sodium ions, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open to a greater degree than normal |
Repolarization Stage |
|
Nerve signals are transmitted by __________ causing rapid change in membrane potential which spreads on nerve fiber membrane |
Action Potential |
|
_________________ is the voltage difference across a cell's membrane when it is not stimulated by a signal. That is, the potential inside the fiber is90 millivolts more negative than the potential in the extracellular fluid on the outside of the fiber -90mVMembrane is Polarized |
Resting membrane potential |
|
The normal “polarized” state is ________. |
−90 millivolts |
|
Rise in membrane potential |
Depolarization stage |
|
__________ requires an influx of positive ions to produce a specific change in voltage (threshold value). It occurs after a certain degree of internal cell membrane |
action potential |
|
membrane suddenly becomes permeable to sodium ions, allowing tremendous numbers of positively charged sodium ions to diffuse to the interior of the axon. The normal “polarized” state of −90 millivolts is immediately neutralized by the inflowing positively charged sodium ions, with the potential rising rapidly in the positive direction |
Depolarization stage |
|
It is the rapid change in voltage or Action Potential |
Stimulus |
|
__________ refers to the difference in charge between the inside and outside of a neuron, which is created due to the unequal distribution of ions on both sides of the cell. |
Membrane potential |
|
The term _________ refers to the electrical signaling that occurs within neurons |
action potential |
|
_______ a positive increase in electrical charge. |
depolarization |
|
- Every cell of the body has its own membrane potential, but only excitable cells - nerves and muscles - are capable to change it and generate an action potential. -ALL OR NOTHING RESPONSE |
Action potential |
|
2 excitable cell3 |
nerves and muscles cells |
|
are capable to change it and generate an action potential |
nerves and muscles |
|
If the membrane potential moves toward zero, that is a _______ because the membrane is becoming less polarized, meaning there is a smaller difference between the charge on the inside of the cell compared to the outside. |
depolarization |
|
ALL OR NOTHING RESPONSE |
Action potential |
|
Membrane slow decreasing in between od depolarized and resting is called ______ |
Repolarization/ repolarized |
|
Other term for RMP Resting Membrane potential |
Polarization stage |
|
Increase permeability of voltage gated potassium channel. It stops when calcium sodium channel has stopped. |
Plateau |
|
- _________ greatly prolongs the period of depolarization.- this type of action potential occurs in heart muscle fibers. |
Plateau active potential |
|
Action Potential occurs only in ________. |
nodes |
|
- usually voltage activated sodium channel |
Fast channel |
|
- voltage activated calcium sodium channel |
Slow channel |
|
Opening of fast channel usually cause the Spike portion of the action potential |
. |
|
Prolonged opening of the slow Calcium sodium channels mainly allows calcium ions to enter the fiber, which is largely responsible for the plateau portion of the action potential |
. |
|
Voltage gated potassium channel are slower to open than usual |
. |
|
Two types of gate in voltage gated sodium channel |
Activation and Inactivation gate |
|
Delivers information to create organ specifically muscle for contraction. |
Action Potential |
|
Other types/kinds of carrier proteins |
Facilitated diffusion Active transport Co transport Counter transport
|
|
It Contains any negative ions |
ICF |
|
Protein that carries and is responsible for the influx of Potassium efflux of Sodium in the cell. |
Sodium potassium pump |
|
Nerve cell anatomy |
Dendrites Soma Axons Axon terminal Myelin sheath |
|
Branches like, the one that picks up the electric changes from another nerve cell that came from the axon terminal. |
Dendrites |
|
It is the Cell Body. Interprets the information |
Soma |
|
Transmit or travel the signal (Action potential) Away to the Soma or cell body. |
Axons |
|
Release neurotransmitter came from dendrites. |
Axon terminal |
|
It protects the signal delivers to the nerve cell. |
Myelin sheath |
|
Positively charged |
ECF |
|
Negatively charged |
ICF |
|
Transfer of information to another Nerve cell |
Nerve cell |
|
__________ is more positive ( Outside the Membrane)3 sodium is out, 2 potassium takes in. |
Electrogenic pump |
|
(Patak lang ang nakakapasok) Small amount of Potassium ions takes place in ICF which does not make the membrane inside to be a positive than the outside. |
Potassium leak channel |
|
are always open during the resting and other protein channel are close. (It will open if there is Action potential coming.) |
Leak channel |
|
Protein Channels |
K leaky channel Na-K Pump Na Voltage Gated K Voltage Gated |
|
Activation Gate: CloseInactivation Gate: Open |
During resting |
|
Activation Gate: Open, papasok yung Sodium IonsInactivation Gate: Slowly closing (Conformational change) |
Depolarization |
|
Activation Gate: OpenInactivation Gate: Close (Mag oopen lang kapag umabot na ulit ng -90 mV) |
Repolarization |
|
Types of local anaesthetic |
Lidocaine and procaine |