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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Used routinely in the lab to study tissue sections
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Light (bright field) Microscope
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Used to study cytology or internal structures of cells; electron micrographs
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Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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Used to study the surface features of cells and tissues; 3D
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Scanning electron microscope
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Determines whether biological materials have different refractive indicies along different optical axes
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Polarizing Mircroscope
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Used to study living tissue
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Phase Microscope
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Modification of the phase microscope
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Interference microscope
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Uses UV light
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Fluorescence Microscope
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Uses laser energy beam
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Confocal scanning microscope
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Purpose of Fixation
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to preserve tissue morphology and chemical composition. Accomplished by rendering tissue insoluble by ppting proteins and carbs
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Dehydration
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To remove water from tissues so that the tissue is miscible with clearing agent. Alcohol commonly used.
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Clearing
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To replace alcohol with an agent miscible with paraffin. Toluene, xylen, benzene
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Infiltration and Embedding
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To replace clearing agent with embedding material
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Paraffin, methacrylate, celloidin, gelatin
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Infiltration and Embedding agents
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Sectioning
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to produce thin sections through which light will pass
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Done on a microtome
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Sectioning
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Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
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Staining agents
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Where are frozen tissue sections used?
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Surgical Biopsies and in research studies for the localization of enzymes
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Refers to any features evident in tissue sections that are a result of imperfect technique
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Artifacts
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Artifact due to lysosomal digestion of the cells
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Post-mortem degeneration
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Artifact due frequently to reagents used in preparing paraffin sections, resulting in empty to clear spaces which during life were occupied by tissue components
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Shrinkage
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Artifact due to defect in paraffin section
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Wrinkles and Folds
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Artifact due to defect in knife, resulting in the tearing or scraping of the tissue when the section is cut
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Nick in the microtome knife
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Artifact frequently due to pinching of the tissue when removing tissue from body
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Mishandling of the tissue
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10 % buffered formalin, glutaraldehyde, alcohol, osmic acid
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Fixation agents
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Toluene, xylene,benzene
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Dehydration Agents
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Dye capable of forming a salt linkage with a _____ charged tissue group; therefore, the dye molecule is ____ charged. (Anionic)
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+, -, Acid Stain
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Dye capable of forming a salt linkage with a _____ charged tissue group; therefore, the dye molecule is ____ charged. (Cationic)
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-, +, Basic Stain
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Atomic groups upon which color of a stain depends (-N=N-)
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Chromophore
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Blue to Purple stain associated with the basic radicle (cation, +)
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Hematoxylin, Basic
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Structures in the cell or tissue that love basic stains, e.g. nucleus - large number of PO4 (3-) radicles (acid radicles)
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Basophilic Substances
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Red to Pink stain associated with the acid radicle (anions, -)
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Eosin, Acid
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Structures in the cell or tissue that love acid stains e.g. proteins (large number of basic groups associated with side chains)
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Acidophilic Substances
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Stain for connective tissue (collagen) rather than cells
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Trichrome
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Ex) Masson's or Mallory's
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Trichrome Stain
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Stain for the elastic fibers or elastic tissue in connective tissue
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Elastic Stain
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Ex) aldehyde fuchsin, orcein, resorcin-fuchsin
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Elastic Stains
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Stain used for reticular ribers in connective tissue and for cells of the CNS
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Silver Impregnation
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Argyrophilic
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Love silver and stain black
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Stains fats red
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Oil red O
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Stains fats black
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Sudan Black
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Periodic acid-Schiff Reaction (PAS)
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Carbohydrate
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Feulgen Staining Reaction
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Nucleic Acid Stains
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Permits the cellular or intracellular localization of specific proteins
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Immunocytochemistry
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How big are red blood cells?
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7 um
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How thick are paraffin sections?
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6-7 um
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How thick are plastic sections? e.g methacrylate
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1-3 um
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