Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
330 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why would it be reasonable to treat strep throat with antibacterial antibiotics, but not diphtheria? |
The illness in diphtheria is largely from the exotoxin produced. An antibiotic won't clear out the exotoxin. |
|
Pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis are at risk of |
having a premature baby. |
|
Which of the following is most likely to grow at refrigerator temperatures? |
psychrophiles |
|
Who were the scientists that received the Nobel Prize for their work with reverse transcriptase? |
Temin, and Baltimore |
|
The normal habitat of Clostridium tetani is |
soil and dust. |
|
The final characteristics of beer such as color, flavor, and foam primarily depend on the |
roasted malt |
|
Sugar is used in the making of fermented sausages to |
provide raw material for the fermentation process. |
|
The bacteria cultured from a soil sample typically represents |
a very small number of bacteria present in that sample. |
|
An effective means used early in the 19th century to clear water of the majority of bacteria was the use of |
sand filters |
|
What is the best reason (most useful reason for the largest number of people) why having the ability to recognize differing strains of HIV-1 would aid in epidemiological studies? |
Being able to observe how the virus mutates as it progresses through a population of susceptible individuals, some of whom are treated and some of whom have not been treated, allows us to better understand how the virus changes over time in order to better fight it with new drugs/therapies. |
|
The oily secretion that lubricates the hair follicles of the skin is |
sebum |
|
How many subtypes of the M group of HIV-1 exist at present? |
10 |
|
Enlargement of lymph nodes or spleen is often associated with |
tularemia, brucellosis AND plague |
|
Growth of pathogens in a food generally does not result in perceptible changes in the quality of the food but the ingestion of this food can result in |
foodborne illnesses |
|
A frequent complication of untreated gonorrhea in women is |
pelvic inflammatory disease |
|
Corneal implants have been implicated in a few cases of |
rabies AND Creutzfeldt-Jakob. |
|
An infection of the membranes covering the brain is called |
meningitis |
|
During which stage of syphilis is the patient non-infectious? |
third |
|
The poliomyelitis virus is in the picornavirus family in the subgroup |
enteroviruses |
|
The organism that grows anaerobically in dead or damaged tissue and produces dense colonies that are the color and size of sulfur particles is |
Actinomyces israelii. |
|
Why is it that the tongue and cheek epithelium doesn't provide a sufficient anaerobic environment for plaque anaerobes to grow, but the surface of teeth might? |
The epithelium is supplied with oxygen by capillary beds. This makes it a relatively aerobic environment and hostile to anaerobes. |
|
Advanced treatment of sewage |
is done to prevent nutrient enrichment.
is done to prevent possible overproduction of algae and other organisms.
involves the removal of phosphates and nitrogen compounds. |
|
The conditions normally present in food such as moisture, acidity and nutrients are referred to as |
intrinsic factors. |
|
Nutrient poor waters are described as being |
oligotrophic. |
|
If you are a 20-year-old healthy young adult and you have to CHOOSE a type of pneumonia to become infected with (and you will NOT get treatment for it), which would be the 'best,' and why? |
Mycoplasmal pneumonia-it has the mildest symptoms and is generally easily cleared out. |
|
Why is puerperal fever not regarded as a sexually transmitted disease? What spreads the disease? |
A physician that doesn't observe proper sterile technique may introduce bacteria from the environment into the genitourinary tract of a woman during delivery of a child, inducing puerperal fever several days later AND a woman's own normal fecal flora can occasionally cause puerperal fever if it contaminates the genitourinary tract following delivery. This can especially occur after an episiotomy procedure (cutting between the vaginal opening and the rectum). |
|
The normal flora of the lower urethra may show |
Lactobacillus. Staphylococcus. Corynebacterium. Bacteroides. |
|
High levels of antibodies in patients with SBE tend to be of little use because |
they make the bacteria clump together and adhere to the clot. |
|
The nitrogen in our atmosphere is only usable to humans after it is converted to |
amino acids |
|
Which is true about prions? |
They cause a degenerative brain condition AND they are a normal brain protein that has folded differently. |
|
Yellow fever is transmitted by |
Aedes mosquitoes. |
|
The urinary tract above the bladder usually shows |
no bacteria |
|
Lactic acid bacteria are used to ferment and produce foods from |
dairy. vegetables. meat. |
|
The childhood disease that damages the body defenses and is frequently complicated by secondary infections involving, primarily, Gram-positive cocci is |
measles |
|
Single cell protein |
refers to the use of single-celled organisms as a protein source. |
|
Besides HIV-1, which type of HIV is prevalent in parts of Africa and India? |
HIV-2 |
|
HBV is mainly spread by |
blood, blood products AND semen. |
|
Characteristic inclusion bodies formed in cells of organisms infected with rabies are called |
negri bodies |
|
Varicella is a member of the herpes family of viruses and produces a latent infection |
true |
|
Humans are the only reservoir for varicella-zoster. |
true |
|
The plague bacillus is known as |
Yersinia pestis. |
|
Rubella is a member of which virus family? |
togavirus |
|
A common source of cholera infection is |
fecal contaminated material, especially water |
|
Streptomyces |
may produce antibiotics, may produce geosmins AND are typically found in the soil. |
|
A pathologist claims it's much easier to determine the causative agent of meningitis than an infection of the skin or intestines. Is this true? Why or why not? |
It's true-because the central nervous system (CNS) is generally microbe free, whereas the skin and intestines have a diverse normal flora. Separating out a pathogenic causative agent from the normal flora in these areas would be much harder to do than in the CNS. |
|
A localized collection of pus in a wound is termed a(n) |
abscess |
|
Truffles |
are a mycorrhizae AND form a sheath around a root of an appropriate tree. |
|
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an example of a(n) |
zoonosis |
|
In sewage treatment, the removal of large objects and particulate matter is achieved during |
primary treatment |
|
Which of the following is typically used to treat pneumocystis? |
trimethoprim-sulfmethoxazole |
|
The cytokine released from macrophages that seems to play a major role in endotoxic shock is |
tumor necrosis factor. |
|
Which of the following is caused by a protozoan infection? |
malaria |
|
Otitis media probably develops from an infection that spread |
upward through the eustachian tube. |
|
The most frequent genus causing wound infections in healthy people is |
staphylococcus |
|
The viral disease that characteristically infects the parotid glands is |
mumps |
|
Which of the following is more likely to cause fatal septicemias? |
gram negative bacteria |
|
The most notorious typhoid carrier was |
Typhoid Mary |
|
Naegleria fowleri may cause |
primary amebic meningoencephalitis. |
|
Which of the following produce lactic acid? |
Lactobacillus Leuconostoc Streptococcus Lactococcus |
|
Most large cities have required the pasteurization of milk and milk products since |
1900 |
|
Gonococci selectively attach to certain epithelial cells by |
pili |
|
The exotoxin produced by C. tetani is |
tetanospasmin. |
|
Which of the following statements about landfills is false? |
Degradation of wastes is rapid and inexpensive. |
|
The oocytes of Cyclospora cayetanensis |
do not contain sporozoites when passed in the feces. |
|
Why is oil not degraded when in a natural habitat underground, yet susceptible to bioremediation in an oil spill? |
The bacteria can't be given the right amounts or types of nutrients to foster an increase in their number deep underground. Nearer the surface, human intervention can increase the factors that will raise the microbe quantity. |
|
The animal(s) often associated with Salmonella strains is/are |
turtles. iguanas. baby chickens. ducks. |
|
A common viral rash of childhood with the popular name chicken pox is also known as |
varicella |
|
S. aureus toxin is |
heat-stable AND an exotoxin |
|
Which of the following soil organisms play a major role in decomposing plant matter? |
bacteria and fungi |
|
The virulence of the tubercle bacillus is due to its |
survival within macrophages. |
|
The normal flora of the genital tract of women is |
affected by estrogen levels AND dependent on the activity of Lactobacillus |
|
Would a person living in the tropics or in the desert have larger numbers of bacteria living on the surface of their skin, and why? |
The very low humidity of the desert would lead to rapid evaporation of sweat and sebum from an individual's skin. Bacteria need these secretions for a nutrient source. Without them, bacteria would be found in much lower numbers on the skin of a person in the desert than the skin of the person in the tropics. |
|
The toxins involved in intestinal infections typically |
kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis AND modify cell physiology resulting in increased secretion of water and electrolytes. |
|
A high BOD value means |
a large amount of oxygen has been used AND a large amount of degradable organic matter is present. |
|
The diarrhea of cholera has been described as |
rice water stool |
|
Which of the following has shown some effectiveness in treating a herpes infection? |
acyclovir |
|
Egg white is rich in the antimicrobial |
lysozyme |
|
The genital tract infection characterized by an unpleasant odor and an increase in clue cells is |
bacterial vaginosis |
|
Which of the following are considered diseases of the lower respiratory tract? |
tuberculosis and pneumonia |
|
Which of the following groups contain diarrhea-causing E. coli? |
enterotoxigenic enteroinvasive enteropathogenic enterohemorrhagic |
|
In sewage treatment, the removal of phosphates and nitrogen compounds is achieved during |
advanced treatment |
|
H. pylori is, in part, able to survive in the stomach by its ability to produce |
ammonia from urea. |
|
What percent of Staphylococcus aureus infections are due to the patient's own flora? |
30-100% |
|
Which of the following are symptoms of HIV disease? |
headache sore throat muscle aches fever |
|
Where in the body does the latent, non-infectious, non-replicating form of the herpes simplex virus persist? |
sensory nerves |
|
The principal mode of transmission of rabies is through |
saliva |
|
The leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults is |
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
|
The carbon cycle revolves around |
carbon dioxide. |
|
Vibrio cholera is most often associated with |
drinking water. |
|
Reactivation of chickenpox is called |
shingles AND herpes zoster. |
|
Why can an infection in the brain's ventricles usually be detected in spinal fluid obtained from the lower back (lumbar region)? |
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originates in the ventricles, but percolates over and around the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Highly effective vaccines have been produced. Why can't we seem to develop an effective vaccine for HIV? |
The best protective effect would be a stimulation of antibodies from B cells and production of infected cell killing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, most likely from a live attenuated form of HIV used as a vaccine. Both of these cell types require the help of CD4+ helper T cells. HIV infects and destroys the very cells required to produce a strong protective immune response to a vaccine (CD4+ helper T cells). This would make the use of a live, attenuated virus as a vaccine impractical. |
|
The infectious agent(s) that may arise in a wound from a human bite is/are |
Bacteroides AND Staphylococcus aureus. |
|
Soy sauce is made by fermentation of soybeans and wheat by |
Aspergillus. |
|
The sulfur cycle is similar to the cycle of |
nitrogen |
|
The eyes are protected from infection by |
the washing action of the tears and eyelids AND the chemical action of lysozyme. |
|
Pneumocystis is caused by a |
fungus |
|
Nitrogen is |
turned into ammonia by microorganisms AND ultimately used in making amino acids and nucleotides. |
|
Mycobacterium avium complex organisms |
survive phagocytosis.
are acid fast.
are widespread in the environment.
cause persistent bacteremia in immunodeficient people. |
|
Stained smears of the surface of the eye might be useful in diagnosing |
rabies |
|
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a |
protozoan |
|
The stage of Lyme disease that is characterized by arthritis is the |
third |
|
Pollutant degradation may be enhanced by |
providing sufficient moisture.
providing adequate nutrients.
maintaining pH near neutrality.
raising the temperature. |
|
An important diagnostic sign of measles is |
Koplik's spot |
|
The definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii is |
cats |
|
gp120 binds to |
CD4 |
|
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis differs from the general pattern of fungal CNS disease by occurring in |
otherwise healthy people. |
|
HIV on objects may be dealt with by |
commercial, high-level disinfectants, 56ºC for 30 minutes AND household bleach |
|
Coliforms are |
Gram-negative.
rod-shaped.
non-spore forming.
lactose-fermenting with acid and gas formation. |
|
The scientist responsible for the development of the first anti-plague vaccine in 1866 was |
Alexandre Yersin. |
|
Otitis media and sinusitis are usually preceded by a(n) |
nasopharyngeal infection. |
|
Rebecca Lancefield showed that almost all the strains of b-hemolytic streptococci from human infections |
had the same cell wall carbohydrate "A". |
|
The CNS may become infected through the |
bloodstream, nerves AND extensions from bone. |
|
HIV is genetically very variable due to the |
reverse transcriptase being "error" prone |
|
Mycoplasmal and klebsiellal pneumonias |
None of the choices is correct. |
|
Why would you expect acyclovir to be ineffective against latent HSV infections? |
This drug is a nucleoside analogue-it becomes activated by a viral enzyme that is produced only when the virus is replicating. As such, if the virus is latent, the enzyme to activate the drug is not present (and the drug is ineffective). |
|
Which of the following viruses are found in AIDS-associated B-cell lymphomas? |
Epstein-Barr virus |
|
Food contaminated with C. botulinum often |
appears normal. |
|
The incubation period of gonorrhea is approximately |
2-5 days. |
|
The cause of strep throat is |
Streptococcus pyogenes- beta-hemolytic, group A |
|
S. pyogenes associated with invasive disease characteristically have |
exotoxin A AND exotoxin B. |
|
Geosmins are |
metabolites that give soil its odor. |
|
Which of the following pertains to Borrelia burgdorferi? |
spirochete |
|
Which of the following may be added to normal media to make it more selective for staphylococci? |
7.5% salt |
|
The rumen is |
an anaerobic fermentation vessel found in herbivores. |
|
Sulfur occurs in all living matter primarily as a component of |
amino acids. |
|
Epstein-Barr virus may become latent in |
B-cells |
|
Which group is composed of autotrophs? |
primary producers |
|
In order to culture the organism responsible for tularemia, the growth media must contain |
cysteine. |
|
Why might an individual with an STD need to be checked for other STDs, even though he/she has no symptoms of any others? |
A diagnosis of an STD implies that the individual engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse. Several STDs are largely asymptomatic, so it is wise to test for a variety of typical STDs when the patient admits to or shows signs of engaging in such risky behavior |
|
Rhinoviruses need to be grown |
in living cells AND at 33°C. |
|
The nervous system typically |
is sterile. |
|
Which of the following virulence factors has been associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa? |
exoenzyme S |
|
Which of the following is a fairly reliable method of characterizing strains of S. aureus? |
genome typing |
|
Gardeners sometimes plant clover between productive growing seasons. Why would this practice be beneficial? |
Several types of nitrogen-fixing bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of clover. This would increase the amount of nitrogen in the soil available for subsequent seasons of other plants' growth. |
|
The incubation period of rabies is partially determined by |
length of journey from the bite site to the brain AND the amount of virus introduced into the wound |
|
HAART |
may, in some patients, eliminate free virus in the blood AND is recommended for acute retroviral syndrome. |
|
The conjuctivae |
have no resident bacteria. |
|
The more severe form of African sleeping sickness is called the |
Rhodesian form. |
|
Two relatively widespread North American lung mycoses are |
coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. |
|
Which of the following is associated with the upper respiratory system? |
humidifying inhaled air AND warming inhaled air |
|
A protein associated with a more virulent form of Staphylococcus is |
coagulase. |
|
The bacteria that appear to maintain balance between the members of the normal flora and play a vital role in limiting colonization by pathogens are |
staphylococci |
|
The human immunodeficiency virus is a(n) |
enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. |
|
The disease responsible for the death of approximately ¼ the population of Europe from 1346 to 1350 was |
plague |
|
The foodborne form of rat bite fever is called |
Haverhill fever. |
|
Some of the host cell coreceptors for HIV have been found to be |
chemokine receptors. |
|
HIV may infect |
intestinal epithelial cells. brain cells. macrophages. T helper cells. |
|
Water treatment processes for drinking water |
has no biological treatment phase. |
|
The resulting solids and juices of grapes used to make wine are termed its |
must |
|
Which of the following virulence factors used by Staphylococcus puts holes in host cells? |
alpha toxin |
|
Foods that have been unacceptably altered due to uncontrolled bacterial growth are called |
spoiled |
|
The fluid which bathes and nourishes the tissue cells is the |
interstitial fluid |
|
The small bean-shaped bodies into which the lymphatic vessels drain are the |
lymph nodes |
|
Which of the following is considered a function of the skin? |
regulation of body temperature prevention of fluid loss synthesis of vitamin D produces cytokines |
|
Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses |
true |
|
The causative agent of plague is |
Yersinia pestis. |
|
The only known human pathogen that preferentially attacks the peripheral nerves is |
M. leprae |
|
Collections of bacteria that adhere to the surfaces of the teeth are called |
dental plaque |
|
Why should scarring of a fallopian tube raise the risks of an ectopic pregnancy? |
Scarring may slow the progression of the ovum (egg) from the fallopian tubes into the uterus. If it is fertilized by a sperm cell while it is stopped in the fallopian tube, it may implant there, resulting in an ectopic pregnancy. |
|
C. botulinum toxin is |
an exotoxin AND heat-sensitive. |
|
Tetanus antitoxin is |
antibody against the toxin. |
|
Sludge |
is a byproduct of sewage treatment. may be a source of pollution. takes up space in a landfill. |
|
Effective treatment of wastewater/sewage is reflected in a(n) |
lower BOD. |
|
Which of the following viruses maintains a latent state in nerve cells? |
herpes virus |
|
Why are such a high percentage of infant botulism cases associated with ingestion of honey? |
There can be endospores from C. botulinum in honey. They may germinate in the intestines of infants following consumption of honey, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal flora will outcompete the new microbes, but very young infants may not yet have this normal flora established. |
|
A disease in which the urinary system is infected from the bloodstream is known as |
leptospirosis. |
|
The prime target(s) of the HIV virus is/are |
TH cells AND macrophages. |
|
Wound infections may result in |
delayed healing, abscess formation AND extension of bacteria or their products into surrounding tissues or bloodstream. |
|
What is the epidemiological significance of shingles? |
It shows that, as a latent viral infection, there is always a possible reservoir available to reinfect new susceptible individuals AND it shows that our fight for long-term eradication of varicella zoster virus will be a very long fight, depending on immunizing all newly-born individuals until all the people that had ever contracted the illness have died. |
|
The production of heterophile antibody is associated with |
infectious mononucleosis. |
|
The most common infectious agent acquired from the bite wounds of a number of kinds of animals is |
Pasteurella multocida. |
|
How might the progression of HIV have been different in the US if it appeared in 1928 rather than 1978? |
It would have been slower because travel to and from other countries (and often even simply other states) was less common.
It would have been slower because people were less likely to engage in sexual intercourse with as many separate partners across their lifespan.
It would have been slower because blood transfusions were rare.
All of these options are correct statements-the overall progression of the illness would most likely have been slower. |
|
A striking feature of Clostridium tetani that differentiates it from other pathogenic species of Clostridium is its ability to |
form terminally located, spherical spores. |
|
Which of the following may be transmitted by saliva? |
infectious mononucleosis AND rabies |
|
Although endotoxemia affects many organs, the organ most seriously and irreversibly affected is the |
lung |
|
Viral gastroenteritis that affects people of all ages and usually lasts less than 3 days is caused by |
norovirus. |
|
Intestinal botulism, especially in infants, has been linked to ingestion of |
honey
|
|
A microbial mat |
is a form of biofilm. |
|
Which is/are true of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis? |
They are both soil fungi AND they are both dimorphic fungi. |
|
The process used for identifying the different carbohydrates of streptococci is called |
Lancefield grouping. |
|
Which of the following involve symbiotic relationships? |
rhizobia, mycorrhizae AND ruminants |
|
The Rickettsial disease that killed Howard Ricketts and Stanislaus Prowazek was |
louse-borne typhus. |
|
The development of lymph node enlargement in the region of a skin ulcer after a tick or insect bite or handling of a wild animal suggests |
tularemia. |
|
Why are pneumococcal pneumonia infections so dangerous in nursing homes? |
While this type of pneumonia does NOT cause permanent lung damage, the immune system of older people is usually impaired, leaving them predisposed to more serious and potentially life-threatening pneumonia infections. |
|
The anaerobic organisms used in sewage treatment may produce the useful product(s) |
methane. |
|
Enlargement of lymph nodes or spleen is often associated with |
tularemia. brucellosis. plague. infectious mononucleosis. |
|
Which of the following manifests itself in three clinical stages? |
syphilis |
|
Next to carbon and oxygen, the element organisms most require is |
nitrogen |
|
In which phase of sewage treatment are trickling filters sometimes used? |
secondary treatment |
|
Clostridium botulinum typically does not produce its toxin under conditions that are |
acidic |
|
Which would be more likely to cause illness-a water sample that tested positive for coliforms or one that tested positive for E. coli O157:H7? |
The E. coli O157:H7 sample would be more likely to cause illness. This strain of bacterium is highly pathogenic and capable of causing kidney damage. |
|
This mineral, typically added to drinking water, makes enamel more resistant to dissolving in acid. |
fluoride |
|
Bioaugmentation |
adds specific microorganisms to the polluted site. |
|
Which is true of the C. botulinum toxin? |
It is heat-sensitive. It is a neurotoxin. It blocks nerve to muscle signal transmission. It is a two-part toxin. |
|
The MMR vaccine is used to protect against |
measles, mumps, rubella. |
|
Why might a large number of competing microorganisms in a food sample result in lack of sensitivity of culture methods for detecting pathogens? |
Many microbes secrete compounds that can be toxic for their competitors. If you need a pathogenic microbe to grow in a culture in order to detect it, these toxic compounds might inhibit the growth of the pathogen and impede the test AND culture methods often rely on biochemical changes taking place in medium for identification. With multiple microbes present, you may not be sure that the biochemical change observed is from the presence of a pathogen or from some other non-dangerous bacterium that also induces the biochemical change. |
|
The sudden, violent, uncontrollable cough of pertussis is described as |
paroxysmal |
|
Rat bite fever, characterized by fever, rash, and muscle aches, is caused by |
Streptobacillus moniliformis. |
|
A bacteriophage is necessary for toxin production in |
C. diphtheriae. |
|
Cholera is the classic example of a(n) |
very severe form of diarrhea. |
|
The region of the earth inhabited by living organisms is called the |
biosphere. |
|
Bioremediation |
is the use of biological agents to degrade/detoxify pollutants AND may involve biostimuation or bioaugmentation. |
|
As an added safety precaution, low-acid, home canned foods should be |
boiled at least 15 minutes before consumption. |
|
The disease characterized by the appearance of a toxin-mediated rash that spares the area around the mouth and causes the tongue to look like the surface of a ripe strawberry is |
scarlet fever. |
|
The T. pallidum of syphilis can be transmitted by |
sexual or oral contact. |
|
In which of the following does a rash start on the palms and soles and progress toward the trunk? |
Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
|
An early contributor to the understanding of nitrogen fixation was |
Beijerinck. |
|
Which of the following is used to cause flocculation? |
aluminum potassium phosphate (alum) |
|
Which of the following is a small Gram-negative rod requiring X-factor for growth? |
Haemophilus ducreyi. |
|
H. pylori appears to have some connection with |
ulcers AND stomach cancer. |
|
Limiting the activity of microbes in food can be accomplished by |
pasteurization. cold storage. lowering the pH. growth inhibiting substances. |
|
Naturally occurring microbial chemicals may include |
benzoic acid. lysozyme. allicin. peroxidase |
|
Which of the following play some role in sewage treatment? |
activated sludge trickling filter septic tank lagooning |
|
Meningococcal meningitis is typically acquired through the |
respiratory tract. |
|
A vaccine for the common cold is not feasible because |
there are more than 100 types of rhinovirus |
|
C. parvum may infect |
dogs. pigs. cattle. humans. |
|
Yersinia pestis typically contains |
three plasmids. |
|
Trichomonas vaginalis is an unusual eukaryote in that it |
lacks mitochondria. |
|
Entamoeba histolytica |
causes amebiasis. may form cysts. cysts survive passage through the stomach. may produce a cytotoxic enzyme. |
|
What aspect of the virus life cycle makes it most difficult to treat? |
its incorporation into the host cell chromosome |
|
Giardiasis may be contracted from |
another person, clear mountain streams AND chlorinated city water. |
|
Why would the Sabin oral polio vaccine need to be eliminated as we get closer and closer to eradication of the polio virus? |
Since it is a live, attenuated viral vaccine, there's always the chance it could revert back into a pathogenic state by mutation. This would introduce new strains still capable of causing the illness into human populations, thwarting elimination. |
|
The conical sea floor vents that spout sulfide-rich, super-heated water at temperatures up to 300ºC are called |
hydrothermal vents |
|
A wound created by the drag of a knife across skin can be classified as |
incised. |
|
Amebiasis |
often causes a bloody diarrhea. |
|
The MMR vaccine is used to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella. |
true |
|
HTLV-III and LAV were renamed |
HIV |
|
Bacteria survive adverse conditions by forming |
endospores. |
|
Formation of biofilms attached to fibronectin and fibrinogen coating plastic devices like catheters and heart valves is a virulence mechanism of |
Staphylococcus |
|
What is the most likely reason why smokers are more at risk for respiratory system infections? |
Chemicals in cigarette smoke can impair the mucociliary escalator, preventing natural cleansing of the respiratory tract. |
|
Most colds are probably caused by |
rhinovirus. |
|
Trichomoniasis is caused by a |
protozoan. |
|
The activated sludge process |
is used during secondary treatment of sewage. |
|
Compared to the first big syphilis epidemic several hundred years ago in Europe, the strains of Treponema pallidum that cause syphilis today |
tend to be less virulent. |
|
Azotobacter |
are the chief suppliers of fixed nitrogen in grasslands |
|
HIV is a |
single-stranded RNA virus. |
|
Which of the following is associated with cervical cancer? |
genital warts |
|
The zone of soil that surrounds the roots and contains a variety of organic exudates is called the |
rhizosphere. |
|
If a compost pile is turned frequently and other conditions are adequate for aerobic digestion, the composting can be completed in |
six weeks. |
|
Which of the following organisms may grow at pH 3.5? |
fungi AND lactic acid bacteria |
|
HIV adversely affects |
macrophages AND T helper cells |
|
The problem of not being able to cultivate most microorganisms has led to the use of |
FISH. microscopy with fluorescent dyes. 16s rRNA analysis. DGGE. |
|
Which of the following is transmitted by mosquitoes? |
yellow fever AND malaria |
|
Which is more likely to happen-antigenic DRIFT, or antigenic SHIFT-and why? |
Antigenic DRIFT-since infection with only a single virus is required, and the random mutations happen as the virus replicates in the infected person's cells |
|
Foods such as acidic fruits are often spoiled by |
fungi |
|
Rowley Pharmaceutical company produces a drug that promotes new blood vessel growth. Is there any application for this drug in wound treatment? |
It could be very beneficial-one of the biggest problems with wound infections is their largely anaerobic nature. The blood supply to the area is usually compromised, helping to create the anaerobic environment. Certain pathogenic microbes then thrive in this environment, creating very serious wound infections. |
|
The Gram-negative opportunistic rod that can grow in a wide variety of environments, including disinfectants and soaps, is |
P. aeruginosa. |
|
Symptoms of plague appear in |
one to six days. |
|
Which of the following cannot be used in composting? |
meats and fats |
|
Shigella and cholera toxin both |
have an A-B arrangement. |
|
Identification of the various strains of N. meningitidis is through |
serogrouping. |
|
The researcher who did much of the early work on Clostridium tetani was |
Kitasato. |
|
The symptoms of cholera are due to the action of |
an exotoxin. |
|
The most common of the sexually transmitted viral diseases agents is |
human papillomavirus. |
|
Gas gangrene is so named due to the formation of |
carbon dioxide AND hydrogen. |
|
The most common cause of chronic lymph node enlargement at a localized body site in young children is |
cat scratch fever |
|
Cat scratch fever is caused by |
Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae. |
|
In rabies, the virus multiplies in one kind of cell then binds to receptors in the |
neuromuscular region. |
|
The disease most feared to develop after an animal bite is |
rabies. |
|
After integration into the host chromosome, HIV is referred to as a |
provirus. |
|
The practice of cells turning on the production of some enzymes and turning off others in response to a changing environment is called |
adaption |
|
The usual cause of genital herpes is |
herpes simplex virus type 2. |
|
Other microorganisms besides coliforms that have been used as indicators of fecal contamination may be |
Clostridia, Enterococci AND bacteriophages. |
|
The chronic inflammatory process involving the gums and tissues around the teeth is called |
periodontal disease |
|
For growth, most bacteria require water activity levels above |
0.90 |
|
The first approved protease inhibitor was |
saquinovir. |
|
The sac which surrounds the heart is called the |
pericardium. |
|
The environment immediately surrounding an individual cell is called its |
microenvironment. |
|
During which trimester is toxoplasmosis most severe to the fetus? |
first |
|
HIV may be present in |
blood, semen AND vaginal secretions. |
|
Would babies need to be immunized against lockjaw (tetanus) if their mother had been immunized against the disease? Why or why not? |
Yes-because even though maternal IgG antibodies might be passed along through the placenta, they will not last forever. The baby will need to create its own antibody response to be protected against future tetanus. |
|
Many childhood diseases caused by viral infections of the upper respiratory tract can usually be diagnosed by |
inspection of the rash. |
|
The plague is typically transmitted via the bite of |
fleas |
|
Which of the following is often associated with poultry products? |
Salmonella AND Campylobacter |
|
Colds are effectively treated with |
None of the choices is correct. |
|
Which of the following diseases may manifest themselves with painful genital ulcers? |
chancroid AND leptospirosis |
|
An important feature of many wounds that may lead to more serious problems is that they are |
relatively anaerobic. |
|
The animal(s) most often associated with C. jejuni is/are |
chickens. |
|
Although unusually resistant to many control factors, the tubercle bacillus is easily killed by |
pasteurization. |
|
Which species of Plasmodium causes the most serious form of malaria? |
falciparum |
|
How can the biomass of fungi in soil be greater considering that bacteria are more numerous? |
This is a matter of size. Fungi, whether unicellular or multicellular, are eukaryotic. As such, they will generally be larger than bacteria (which are prokaryotic). This means that, even with a lower overall number, they will have more total biomass |
|
Leprosy is |
an infectious disease caused by a bacterium, also known as Hansen's disease AND described in the Bible. |
|
The virulence of Klebsiella is due partly to the |
antiphagocytic properties of their capsules. |
|
Acute bacterial endocarditis differs from subacute bacterial endocarditis in the |
suddenness and severity of onset. |
|
The common name for tularemia is |
rabbit fever |
|
Who determined that the cholera outbreak in 1850s London was due to contaminated water and approached the problem by removing the pump handle at the contaminated site? |
snow |
|
CNS diseases caused by fungus may occur in |
cancer patients. diabetics. AIDS patients. immunosuppressed people |
|
Most bacteria are inhibited by a pH of |
4.5 |
|
The water activity in foods that have high levels of salt or sugar is |
low |
|
Adenoviral pharyngitis is effectively treated with |
None of the choices is correct. |
|
Former president Ronald Reagan once commented at a press conference that the best way to combat the spread of AIDS in the US was to prohibit everyone from having sexual contact for 5 years. What would be the success of such a program if it were possible to carry out? |
It would be a failure-this 'program' wouldn't eliminate IV drug use or transmission of HIV from mother to child. Sexual transmission isn't the ONLY mode of transmission for this virus, AND many HIV positive individuals survive for longer than 5 years, even without treatment (sometimes without even realizing they're positive). Once sexual contact resumed, sexual transmission would also resume. |
|
Wastewater treatment decreases the amount of |
biodegradable carbon. ammonia and nitrate. phosphate. pathogens |
|
HIV attacks a variety of cell types but the most critical are |
T helper cells. |
|
Microorganisms in abscesses often are not killed by antimicrobial agents because |
the microorganisms stop dividing, of the chemical nature of the pus AND of the lack of blood vessels. |
|
The growth of microorganisms in a food product is influenced by the availability of |
moisture. acidity. nutrients. temperature. |
|
Why would soil and water be added to a compost pile? |
The organisms in the soil, along with the moisture from the water, would facilitate the natural decomposition of the material in the compost pile. |
|
The surface layer of the skin is the |
epidermis. |
|
The bacteria associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome is |
Escherichia coli O157:H7. |
|
The double-stranded HIV DNA is inserted into the host DNA by |
integrase. |
|
Tetanus prevents the release of neurotransmitters from |
inhibitory neurons |
|
The member of the normal flora sometimes considered responsible for tinea versicolor is |
Malassezia spp. |
|
Which is true about protein A? |
It binds to the Fc region of antibody AND it hides bacteria from phagocytes. |
|
The existence of extensive scalded skin syndrome does not indicate that Staphylococcus is growing in all the affected areas. Why not? |
This condition is caused by an exotoxin produced by certain strains of this microbe, and NOT directly by the microbe itself. |
|
Which of the following foods has the greatest amount of available water? |
steak |
|
The compost pile temperature at which pathogens, but not thermophiles, are killed is about |
55-66ºC. |
|
Which type of HIV is most prevalent in the United States? |
HIV-1 |
|
Brucellosis may also be known as |
Bang's disease AND undulent fever. |
|
The problem(s) with using sludge as a fertilizer is/are the |
presence of heavy metals and similar pollutants AND presence of pathogenic organisms and viruses. |
|
The accepted method of testing water supplies for the possible presence of pathogens is to determine the presence of |
coliforms |
|
The organisms that obtain energy by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source are called |
chemolithoautotrophs. |
|
Cytomegalovirus |
may be latent or lytic. |
|
Which of the following groups give rise to a disease similar to that caused by Shigella sp.? |
enteroinvasive |
|
Which of the following can only be identified using PCR after valve surgery? |
Tropheryma whippelii |
|
The central nervous system is made up of the |
brain and spinal cord. |
|
Which of the following has been involved in causing small epidemics in the U.S.? |
sporotrichosis |
|
The unique characteristic of Lyme disease is |
erythema migrans. |
|
Which of the following may have served as the ultimate source of HIV? |
chimpanzees |
|
The oxygen consuming property of a wastewater sample is designated by the term |
biochemical oxygen demand. |
|
The spread of mycoplasma is through |
inhalation of infected droplets. |
|
Which of the following agents travel up the nerves to penetrate the CNS? |
rabies, herpes simplex AND tetanus toxin |
|
Rapid diagnostic tests for streptococcal infections may utilize |
antibodies AND DNA probes. |
|
Pure water has a water activity value of |
1.00. |
|
The term used to describe the interrelationship between the living and non-living environments in an area is called a(n) |
ecosystem |
|
The circulation of an agent in the bloodstream is given a name ending in |
-emia |
|
Complications of measles may include pneumonia and encephalitis. |
true |
|
The principal cause of dental caries is |
S. mutans |
|
Herpes simplex, like other ulcerating genital diseases, |
promotes the spread of AIDS |
|
The organic matter in soil is referred to as |
humus. |
|
Which is true of the poliomyelitis virus? |
nonenveloped AND single-stranded RNA |